124 Exam Excipients and formulations

Oral oil phases?

• castor oil

• liquid paraffin

• cod liver oil

• peanut oil

IV oil phases?

• cottonseed

• soyabean

• safflower

External oil phases?

• turpentine oil

• benzyl benzoate

• various to carry AI (ex. liquid paraffin)

what are alkali metal and ammonium soap emulsifying agents incompatible with?

acidic conditions and polyvalent ions

what are quaternary ammonium compounds?

• form cations in aq solutions

• incompatible with polyvalent ions and anionic surfactants

• unstable at a high pH (best 4-6)

what are glycol and glycerol esters?

nonionic emulsifying agents:

• weak w/o , usually a co surfactant

  ex. glycerol monostearate

sorbitan esters are ____________(hydrophilic/ phobic)

hydrophobic

sorbitan esters?

(spans)

w/o emulsions

ex. hydroxyl groups of sorbitan esterified with lauric, palmitic, or stearic acid

what are polysorbates? (tweens)

hydrophilic (o/w)

• polyethylene glycol derivatives of sorbitan esters

fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers?

o/w

cetomacrogol 1000 (polyethylene glycol monocetyl ether)

fatty acid polyglycol esters?

o/w (when used with stearyl alcohol)

ex. polyoxyethylene 40 stearate

poloxalcohols (poloxamers; pleuronics) ?

o/w

polyoxyehtylene / propylene oxide co polymers

What are the only 2 nonionic synthetic surfactant classes that do w/o?

glycol and glycerol esters and sorbitan esters

what are higher fatty alcohols? (cetyl- stearyl alcohol)

• usually co surfactants

• emulsion type determined by the other surfactant

what are disadvantages to naturally occuring materials?

batch variation, susceptible to bacterial growth, not good for long shelf lives

what are examples of naturally occuring materials?

polysaccharides ex. acacia (o/w)

semi synthetic polysaccharides ex. methylcellulose (weak o/w)

sterol containing substances ex. lanolin (w/o) and wool alcohols (contains cholesterol) (w/o)

What are characteristics of hydrocarbon (oleaginous) ointment bases?

• insoluble in water

• non water washable

• anhydrous

• will not absorb water

• emollient

• occlusive

• greasy

what are examples of hydrocarbon (oleaginous) ointment bases?

• white petrolatum

• white ointment

• vegetable shortening

• vaseline

what are characteristics of anhydrous absorption ointment bases?

• insoluble in water

• not water washable

• anhydrous

• can absorb water

• emollient

• occlusive

• greasy

examples of anhydrous absorption oint bases?

• hydrophilic petrolatum

• lanolin

• aquaphor

• aquabase

• polysorb

water in oil emulsion absorption characteristics?

• insoluble in water

• not water washable

• contains water

• can absorb water (limited)

• emollient

• occlusive

• greasy

examples of water in oil emulsion absorption oint bases?

• hydrous lanolin

• cold cream

• eucerin

water removable (oil in water emulsion) characteristics

• insoluble in water

• water washable

• contains water

• can absorb water

• non occlusive

• non greasy

water removable (oil in water emulsion) examples

hydrophilic oint

vanishing cream

dermabase

velvachol

water soluble oint base characteristics

• water soluble

• water washable

• may contain water

• can absorb water (limited)

• non occlusive

• non greasy

• lipid free

water soluble oint base examples

• polyethylene glycol ointment

single phase gels as ointment bases characteristics?

• water soluble

• water washable

• contain water

• may contain alcohol

• can absorb additional water

• non occlusive

• non greasy

• lipid free

single phase gels examples

• methylcellulose gel

• sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel

• hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel

• hydroxypropyl cellulose gel

• carbomer gel

• poloxamer gel

what are fatty pastes?

thicker, less greasy, more absorptive than ointments

• higher conc of solid ingredients that absorb water and aqueous solns