common bio errors

adaptations of human gas exchange

add epithelium with alveoli walls and capillary walls

add epithelium with walls have flattened cells

proteins

say that there is a condensation reaction between amino acids

then say which groups the reaction is between

optical microscope is bad

low resolution as light rays have longer wavelengths

why does the section of tissue need to be small

so single layer of cells so light can pass through

RER

transports proteins + modifies

SER

transports lipids

Why do we use chi squared?

As the data is categorical

unsaturated fatty acids

increase fluidity

Centrifuge

Spin

Phosphate in hydrophillic head

Attracts water

What stimulates an immune response

Pathogen, APC, cancer cells

why is there an increase in diseases

mutation in virus

Reduced vaccination

E.g. of active immunity

Vaccines

Passive immunity

As soon as antigen and antibody bind

When aggclution occurs

Antigen-antibody complex forms

In the primary response….

False neg can occur as only little antibodies are produced as its only the primary response

why is there no HIV vaccine

High mutation rate and lack of money

ELISA TEST

Quick and cheap

Whenever you say binding occurs

Always mention same primary structure

Always mention same tertiary structure

Always mention complementary tertiary structures

Always mention that a complex forms and specify which complex

why is HCL used in mitosis exp

stop mitosis and breaks down cell wall

in the mitotic index, why do you get different results?

-genetic differences between samples from different species

-samples are different ages

-due to chance

-miscounted cells

-cells moved different distances when using coverslip

When talking about light intensity in transpiration

Say WP gradient increases

When talking about structure of DNA, RNA, ATP….

don’t say only pentose sugar, specify type of sugar e.g. ribose and deoxyribose

AA needed for

AR to provide ATP

Why ATP synthase catalyse the reaction between ADP + Pi

as it is an enzyme it has a comp AS to ADP + Pi so can bind and ES complex can form

has channel to allow f.d. of ions

Phylogenetics

in the definition add uses hiearchy w no overlap

when can extrapolation occur

when there is a linear relationship

Population

When defining, add that they can interbreed

Response to external stimuli

plants have tropism but humans have taxis

When saying there is a cond or hydrolysis reactions….

Say what it is between and then say cond - elimination / release of water

Hydrolysis - uses of water

How do 2 enzymes with diff AA seq catalyse same reaction

AS - has similiar tertiary structure

Forms E-S complexs

When talking about how an enzyme is specific…

MENTION COMPLEMENTARY

say how X is not complementary so cannot bind to the AS of lipase

Why do we do repeats

• more reliable data

• Remove anomalies

• To calculate mean

• Can do stats analysis

Why should we measure absorbance immediately

Longer you take to measure = more error

Accuracy decreased and ROR - different