Introduction to Microorganisms and History

Define Microorganisms

Minute living things that can’t be seen with the naked eye

Define Medical microbiology

Study of Pathogenic microbes and role of microbes in human illness

What are the 2 Branches of Microbiology? Give 1 example of each type

1.Pure Microbio = Bacteriology, Mycology, Virology….

2. Applied Microbio = Medical, Pharma, Imdustrial

in the application of Microorganisms there is a production of 2 things:

Amino acids, Antibiotics

4 ways Microorganisms create symbiotic microbial benefits

1. Aiding digestion

2. Producing beneficial products

3. Vitamins and amino acids

4. Suppressing pathogenic microbes

Probiotics vs Prebiotics

Probiotics = Bacteria potentially benefit digestive system

Prebiotic = Substance consumed to grow probiotic microbes

Examples of symbiotic microbial benefits

Eating fermented food confer benefits by probiotics and probiotics

Microbial immunotherapy in cancer treatment:

Oncolytic virotherapy vs oncolytic bacteria?

2 examples of oncolytic bacteria?

Oncolytic virotherapy: Genetically modified virus target and destroy cells

Oncolytic bacteria: used specifically to attack tumor cells.

Eg: Clostridium Novyi and Listeria Monocytogenes

Application of microbes in Industry and waste management?

Industrial fermentation (alcohol, vinegar, dairy)

Microbial biodegradation of wastes

Who

Discovered live microorganisms including bacteria

Named it animalcules

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)

Who discovered the Smallpox Vaccine

Edward Jenner

Which Scientist contributed to germ theory and discovered bacteria of TB, anthrax and cholera

Robert Koch

• Best known for germ theory contribution (proving specific disease caused by specific pathogen microbes)

• 1st scientist to isolate bacteria in pure culture resulting in Myobacterium tuberculosis causative agent of TB

Who discovered the Vaccine of Anthrax and Rabies, Proposed germ theory of disease and Aseptic techniques?

Louis Pasteur (France)

Who discovered the filterable agent (Virus)?

Dmitri Ivanowsk

Who discovered TMV coining the term virus and how soil Microbiome affect ecological process?

Martinis Beijerinck

Who discovered BCG bacteria and it’s vaccine

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin

BCG = Bacillus Calmette Guerin

Who discovered Penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

Who discovered Streptomycin?

Selmen Waksman

Who discovered Cephalosporin?

Edward Penley Abraham

Who is the Father of modern taxonomy and classification?

Carolus Linnaeus

1. Binomial nomenclature? Taxonomy classification order?

Binomial Nomenclature = (Genus, Species)

Taxonomy and classification order

1. Kingdom

2. Class

3. Order

4. Family

5. Genus

6. Species

Who discovered new bacteria incl Bacillus from algae and photosynthetic bacteria and is the first to formulate scheme for bacteria taxonomic classification?

Ferdinand Cohn

Who formulated cell theory

Schleiden and Schwann (DE)

Who worked with Pasteur in disproving spontaneous generation?

M John Tyndall (U.K.)

Tyndallization vs Pasteurisation?

• Pasteurisation : Heat liq enough to kill spoilage bacteria

• Tyndillization: Sterilization through heat repeated boiling and cooling to kill endospores which kills the bacteria

• Who is the father of modern antiseptic surgical techniques? What did he use?

Joseph lister

Use of Phenol (Carbolic acid)

• Applying Pasteur Germ theory of diseases he introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery significantly reducing Post-OP infections

• Used Phenol as an antiseptic to sterilise surgical instrument and clean wounds

Who was the founder of Marine Microbiology

Adrien Certes

One of Pasteurs Student

Who discovered Bacteriophages and was one of the earliest applied microbiologist?

Felix Hubert d’ Herelle

What is the golden age of microbiology?

1857-1914

• Pasteurs work

• Relationship between microbes and disease

• Immunity

• Antimicrobial drugs