Anatomy Exam #4: Respiratory System

parts of the upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

parts of the lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

function of the conducting respiratory system?

tubes to get oxygen in

function of the respiratory system?

- providing an extensive surface area for gas exchange

- moving air to and from (conducting)

- protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, or other environmental variation

- producing sounds (phonation)

- facilitating the detection of olfactory stimuli (olfaction = smelling)

mucus escalator

The upward movement of mucus in the lungs caused by the coordinated movement of cilia.

cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

goblet cells

pseudo-stratified columnar cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus through merocrine secretion

lamina propria

areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue) underlying a mucous membrane

nasal

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (mucus)

pharynx

stratified squamous epithelium (protection)

trachea and primary bronchi

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (mucus)

bronchioles

simple cuboidal epithelium (secretion/absorption)

respiratory

simple squamous epithelium (communication/gas exchange)

location of nasal cavity

Inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity

location of pharynx

behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx

location of trachea

anterior to the esophagus

location of primary bronchi

runs obliquely in the mediastinum before plunging into the medial depression of the lungs

location of bronchioles

lungs

extrapulmonary

outside the lungs

intrapulmonary

inside the lungs

left lung

2 lobes: superior and inferior

1 fissure: oblique

right lung

-3 lobes: Superior, Middle, and Inferior

-2 fissures: Horizontal and Oblique

cardiac notch

a concave space on the left lung in which the heart lies

secondary bronchus

branches of the primary bronchi which supply each lobe of lung; there are 2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung

tertiary bronchus

Extends from the secondary bronchus and conducts air to each lobule of the lungs.

layers of the pleural cavity

- parietal

- pleural

- visceral

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

viseral pleura

the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

air conducing passage

- nasal/oral cavity

- pharynx

- larynx

- trachea

- primary bronchi

- secondary bronchi

- tertiary bronchi

- bronchioles

- terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

smallest bronchioles

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

alveolar sac

2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

alveolus

tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose

concha

used to mix oxygen to help catch particles and mix with H20 vapor (humidifying) - superior, middle, inferior

frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone

paransal sinuses

cavities found in the skull bones which empty into the nasal cavity, they lighten the skull, resonate with the voice, produce mucous, and warm air

sphenoid sinus

air-filled space located within the sphenoid bone; most posterior of the paranasal sinuses

function of sinuses

reduce weight of head, strengthen skull, modify voice during phonation

vestibule

entrance (your nose hole)

nasopharynx

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

laryngopharynx

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords - made of hyaline cartilage

thyroid

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

thyroid cartilage

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

epigottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles. (floating)

cuneiform cartilage

a pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

vocal ligament

elastic ligament within the vocal fold (true vocal cords) that vibrates and produces phonation (sound production at the larynx)

glottis

Opening between vocal cords

vestibular folds

false vocal cords

why are the rings important on the trachea

help keep the trachea open

ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs - breathing

always want to move

high to low pressure

boyle's law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature - P1V1=P2V2 (with same number of particles and same temperature)

pressure and volume are...

inversely proportional

during an inhale

increase volume

decrease pressure

- inhale pressure < atmospheric pressure

during an exhale

decrease volume

increase pressure

- exhale pressure > atmospheric pressure

function of the diaphragm

separates the digestive cavity from the respiratory cavity, contracts and relaxes to help the lungs inflate and deflate

Primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

external intercostals

elevates ribs during inspiration

secondary muscles of inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternum)

Scalene muscles (elevate ribs)

Pectoralis minor (elevate ribs)

internal intercostals (makes space smaller)

oblique

function of secondary muscles

assists in the external intercostals muscles in elevating the ribs

function of primar muscles

contraction of external intercostals muscles elevates the ribs and the contraction of diaphragm flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, increasing its volume and drawing in air into the lungs

intrapleural pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure in the alveoli

transpulmonary pressure

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body

760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere

normal lungs at rest

P = -3 mm Hg

process of ventilation

- just prior to inspiration, atmospheric pressure = intrapulmonary pressure

- lungs start to expand, so intrapulmonary pressure decreases

- air moves from atmosphere to lungs

- pressure return to equilibrium

- during expiration, thoracic volume declines and intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure

- air moves out of lungs until pressure equilibrates again

compliance

how much air flow

if compliance increases

the lower the tension in the walls of the lungs

resistance

conducting portion that resists air flowing through them (always want a low resistance so you have greater flow)

if resistance increases

the harder it is to force air along the conducting passages

if resistance increases, what happens to the radius

decreases

diseases of compliance increase

COPD

Emphysema

disease of resistance

asthma

diseases of compliance decrease

fibrosis

pneumonia

neonates lungs

the surfactant is produced late

surfactant

chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing - reduces surface tension and produced in epithelium

if surface tension is reduced then...

- attraction of H20 molecules

- increase in compliance (good amount)

large alveolus

low collapsing pressure

smal alveolus

high collapsing pressure

small alveolus with surfactant

low collapsing pressure

equation for respiratory minute volume

Ve= f x Vt (volume of air moved out each minute = respiratory rate x tidal volume)

relationship of respiratory minute volume

Ve increases, f increases, Vt increases

IRV

Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level

TV

tidal volume - amount at normal breath

ERV

Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position

RV

residual volume - air that cannot get out

IC

inspiratory capacity

TV + IRV

FRC

functional residual capacity

ERV + RV

VC

vital capacity - everything moving out