Evangelical Protestantism and Transcendentalism.

The Second Great Awakening

A widespread religious revival movement that reshaped American religion and society (1820s–1840s).

Camp Meetings

Frontier gatherings for emotional worship and mass conversions, such as Cane Ridge in 1801.

Christian Perfection

A belief that individuals can eliminate sin through moral action and that faith should lead to social reform.

Evangelicalism

A movement emphasizing emotional preaching, activism, and missionary work.

Conversion Experience

A dramatic emotional event that includes stages such as conviction of sin, repentance, and rebirth.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery, significantly fueled by religious beliefs about moral responsibility.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, which demanded suffrage and was modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Temperance Movement

A movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption due to its perceived harmful effects.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasized intuition, nature, and individual conscience, rejecting materialism.

Distinctly American Culture

The goal of 19th-century literature to reflect an identity and culture unique to the United States.

Moral Responsibility

The belief that individuals have a duty to act for the greater good and contribute to social reform.

Lyman Beecher

A key figure in the Temperance Movement who advocated against alcohol consumption.

William Lloyd Garrison

A radical abolitionist and publisher of the newspaper The Liberator, advocating for immediate emancipation.

Frederick Douglass

A former slave, powerful speaker, and writer who became a leading figure in the abolitionist movement.

Fruitlands

A short-lived utopian community based on radical transcendentalist principles.

Penny Press

Inexpensive newspapers that emerged in the 19th century, contributing to mass entertainment and information.