Human Anatomy and Physiology

Semester 2 Final

What structure prevents backflow into the left ventricle?

aortic semilunar valve

Atrioventricular valve (AV) with three flaps

tricuspid valve

What structure prevents backflow into the left atrium?

mitral (bicuspid) valve

What structure prevents backflow into the right ventricle?

pulmonary semilunar valve

Atrioventricular (AV) valve with two flaps

mitral (bicuspid) valve

Cancerous condition involving white blood cells

leukemia

Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

anemia

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity.

polycythemia

Platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels

thrombocytopenia

Necessary for coagulation

fibrinogen

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

gamma globulins

Main contributor to osmotic pressure

albumin

Serous layer covering the heart muscle

epicardium

Outermost layer of the serous pericardium

parietal layer

Heart muscle

myocardium

Inner lining of the heart

endocardium

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?

pulmonary trunk

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from .

decreased delivery of oxygen

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see .

increased hematocrit

The foramen ovale .

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?

loss of blood clotting

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the red blood cells (erythrocytes) at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies that .

red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because .

preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by .

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it .

pumps blood against a greater resistance

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is .

angina pectoris

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering .

a bacterial infection

Which of the following is a characteristic of all leukocytes?

they are nucleated

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

tunica media

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be .

70 ml / beat

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be .

arterioles

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

O

Factors that aid venous return include all except .

urinary output

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that .

white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

Which of the following transports oxygen-rich blood?

pulmonary vein

Blood flow to the skin _.

increases when environmental temperature rises

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?

superior vena cava

Permitting the exchange of nutrientes and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of .

capillaries

An individual who's blood type is AB negative can .

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the .

coronary arteries

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates .

atrial depolarization

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when .

hematocrit is highest

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is .

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

it is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the _.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by .

Boyle's law

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is

increase of carbon dioxide

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is .

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends and rib cage rises

Tidal volume is air _.

inhaled after normal inspiration

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

Respiratory control centers are located in the

medulla and pons

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called _

inspiratory reserve volume

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by _.

diffusion

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

alveolus

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed .

lymph nodes

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

pancreas

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) _.

tonsil

Which cells are the main "warriors" of the immune system?

lymphocytes

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

antigenic

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph?

red blood cells

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT _.

islets of Langerhans

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT _.

forming crypts that trap bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

erythrocytes

Cytotoxic T cells .

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by .

vasodilation

The main site of gas exchange is the _.

alveoli

T or F: Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.

F

T or F: Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine.

F

What structure is filiform papillae located in?

tongue

What structure is fundus located in?

stomach

What structure is cecum located in?

large intestine

What structure is jejunum located in?

small intestine

What structure is acini located in?

pancreas

List the layers of the small intestine in order of outermost to innermost: longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, lumen, villus, and submucosa

longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, submucosa, villus, and lumen

What digestive process occurs in the mouth?

both mechanical and chemical digestion

What digestive process occurs in the esophagus?

mechanical digestion

What digestive process occurs in the stomach?

both mechanical and chemical digestion

What digestive process occurs in the small intestine?

neither mechanical and chemical digestion

What digestive process occurs in the large intestine (colon)?

chemical digestion

Define metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Define catabolism

body chemical reactions that breakdown compounds

Define anabolism

body chemical reactions that make new compounds

Define glycogenesis

the process of making new glucose molecules from glycogen

Define lipolysis

the breakdown of lipid (triglyceride) molecules

Define glycogenolysis

the process of creating new sugars from lipids and amino acids

Define gluconeogenesis

producing glycogen from glucose

Define lipogenesis

the production of new lipids

What organic molecules are in the mouth?

carbohydrates and lipids/fats

What organic molecules are in the stomach?

proteins and carbohydrates

What organic molecules are in the duodenum?

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids/fats