Characteristics and Types of Mammals, Characteristics and Features of Birds, Overview of Vertebrate Classes and Characteristics, Overview of Echinodermata Anatomy and Functions, Overview of Arthropoda Phylum and Its Classes

Body Hair

Extension of skin used for insulation and camouflage.

Keratin

Protein in hair, feathers, and reptile scales.

Suckle

Mammals nourish their young with milk.

Skin Glands

Includes scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands.

Viviparous

Mammals give live births, nourishing young pre- and post-birth.

4-Chambered Heart

Heart structure allowing efficient blood circulation.

Lung Breathers

Mammals breathe air using lungs.

Cervical Vertebrae

Most mammals have seven cervical vertebrae.

Warm-Blooded

Mammals maintain a constant body temperature.

Limbs

Two pairs used for locomotion and communication.

Complex Brain

Brain structure with convolutions for enhanced function.

Monotremes

Egg-laying mammals like the platypus and echidna.

Marsupials

Pouched mammals with premature young, e.g., kangaroos.

Placentals

Mammals where young develop entirely within the female.

Insectivores

Mammals like shrews and moles that eat insects.

Flying Mammals

Mammals capable of flight, e.g., bats.

Gnawing Mammals

Rodents like rats and squirrels that gnaw.

Toothless Mammals

Mammals like anteaters that lack teeth.

Aquatic Mammals

Mammals adapted to living in water.

Trunk-Nosed Mammals

Mammals like elephants with elongated trunks.

Carnivorous Mammals

Mammals that primarily eat meat.

Hoofed Mammals

Mammals with hooves, e.g., horses and deer.

Standing Mammals

Mammals that primarily stand or walk on legs.

Aves

Class of warm-blooded vertebrates known as birds.

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone, including birds and reptiles.

Amniotic egg

Egg with protective membranes, found in birds and reptiles.

Feathers

Lightweight structures for insulation and flight in birds.

Hollow bones

Lightweight skeletal structure aiding in flight.

Endothermic

Warm-blooded; maintains constant body temperature.

Wings

Forelimbs of birds adapted for flight.

Four-chambered heart

Heart structure allowing efficient oxygen circulation.

Biparental care

Both parents incubate eggs and care for young.

Toothless beak

Birds have beaks without teeth for feeding.

Bipedalism

Walking on two legs, characteristic of birds.

Opposable toes

Toes that can grasp, aiding in perching.

Syrinx

Bird's voice organ located at the lower larynx.

Down feathers

Soft feathers providing insulation, especially for young birds.

Contour feathers

Feathers aiding in flight, coloration, and mate attraction.

Powder feathers

Feathers that provide waterproofing for birds.

Vertebrates

Animals with backbones, belonging to Chordata.

Phylum Chordata

Group of animals with a notochord.

Notochord

Stiff rod of cartilage, develops into backbone.

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Nerve structure found in all chordates.

Gill slits

Present in early human development stages.

Posterior anal tail

Tail extending beyond the anus in embryos.

Class Agnatha

Jawless fish, includes lampreys and hagfish.

Agnatha examples

Lamprey and hagfish, cold-blooded ectotherms.

Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays.

Class Osteichthyes

Bony fish, includes most fish species.

Operculum

Hard plate covering and protecting fish gills.

Swim bladder

Gas-filled sac for buoyancy control in fish.

Buoyancy

Ability to maintain neutral floatation in water.

Gas gland

Region where gas enters swim bladder.

Oval

Site where gas diffuses from swim bladder.

Amphibians

Animals with dual life stages in water and land.

Amphibian characteristics

Moist skin, webbed feet, and two heart chambers.

Hibernation

Winter inactivity for survival and energy conservation.

Estivation

Summer inactivity to avoid heat and drought.

Class Reptilia

Cold-blooded animals with scales and shelled eggs.

Amniotic egg

Shelled egg allowing development on land.

Venom types

Neurotoxins affect nerves; hemotoxins affect blood.

Snake movements

Caterpillar, side-winding, and lateral undulating.

Caterpillar movement

Straight line movement of snakes.

Side-winding

S-shaped movement used by some snakes.

Lateral undulating

Side-to-side sweeping movement in snakes.

Echinodermata

Phylum known for spiny-skinned marine animals.

Aboral Surface

Upper surface of echinoderms, opposite the mouth.

Oral Surface

Under surface of echinoderms, contains mouth.

Madreporite

Sieve plate for water entry in starfish.

Water Vascular System

Network aiding locomotion in echinoderms.

Tube Feet

Suction cups for movement and feeding.

Ambulacral Grooves

Five channels on oral surface housing tube feet.

Anus

Opening for waste elimination in echinoderms.

Arthropoda

Largest of all phyla, with 85% of animals belonging to this phylum.

Jointed appendages

A common characteristic of arthropods.

Hard exoskeleton

Made of chitin, providing protection and shape.

Segmented body

A characteristic feature of arthropods.

Ventral nervous system

A type of nervous system found in arthropods.

Dorsal heart

A heart structure found in arthropods.

Exoskeleton Uses

Protection, shape, and attachment for appendages.

Chilopoda

Class of arthropods known as centipedes, characterized by one pair of legs per segment.

Diplopoda

Class of arthropods known as millipedes, characterized by two pairs of legs per segment.

Crustacea

Class of arthropods that includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.

Insecta

Class of arthropods that is the most numerous, with 85% of arthropods being insects.

Arachnida

Class of arthropods that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.

Centipede

A member of the class Chilopoda, characterized by poisonous claws and being carnivorous.

Millipede

A member of the class Diplopoda, characterized by no poisonous claws and not being carnivorous.

Crayfish

A freshwater relative of the lobster, characterized by having 2 distinct body regions: cephalothorax and abdomen.

Molting

A process of shedding the exoskeleton, occurring 7 times in the first year of life for crayfish.

Metamorphosis

The process of transformation in insects, which can be complete or incomplete.

Complete metamorphosis

Developmental process in insects that includes stages: Egg -> Larva -> Pupa -> Adult.

Incomplete metamorphosis

Developmental process in insects that includes stages: Egg -> Nymph -> Adult.

Ovipositor

The structure in insects where eggs are laid.

Tympanum

The 'ear' of insects.

Spiracle

The opening in insects where air enters.

Tarantula

A type of spider that can live over 35 years and injects venom into its prey.

Lobster

A crustacean that can weigh up to 20 kg (44 lb) and can live for 40-65 years.

Praying Mantis

An insect known for its quick strike and ability to camouflage as twigs or leaves.