Cell Membrane
Found in Plant, Animal and Bacteria Cells. It provides protection for the cell
Cytoplasm
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Gel type fluid that surrounds and supports the nucleus
Cell Wall
Found in Plant and Bacteria Cells. Responsible for strengthening the cell and protecting it
Nucleus
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Contains DNA and controls all functions
Nucleolus
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Produces ribosomes
Ribosomes
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Creates proteins
Mitochondria
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Known as the powerhouse of the cell which produces energy
Rough ER
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Controls proteins, located. in the cytoplasm
Smooth ER
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Synthesis of lipids, acts as a storage organelle
Golgi Apparatus
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Sorts, holds and transports proteins
Lysosomes
Found in Plant and Animal Cells. Have digestive enzymes that break down old and unused parts of the cell
Centrioles
Found in Animal Cells. Play a key role in cell division
Chloroplasts
Found in Plant Cells. Helps to capture light
Function of the Diaphragm
Filter Light
Function of the Ocular
Look at specimens
Function of the Nosepiece
Switch objectives
Functions of the Objectives
Different powers to help see
Function of the Coarse
Focus on specimen only under low and medium power
Function of the Fine
Focus on specimens under all powers
Function of the Base
Provides structure
Function of the Arm
Used to grip hand
Function of the Body Tube
Allows light to pass through
Passive Transport
Does not require energy from the cell
Concentration Gradient
Difference in the concentration of molecules is equal throughout a space
Equilibrium
Concentration of molecules is equal throughout a space
Diffusion
Movement of a substance down the substance’s concentration gradient
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a membrane
Hypertonic Solution
Causes a cell to shrink because of Osmosis
Hypotonic Solution
Causes a cell to swell because of Osmosis
Isotonic Solution
Concentration of both solutions is equal
Carrier Protein
Protein used to transport specific substances across a membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport using carrier proteins
Active Transport
Movement of a substance against the substance’s concentration gradient
Sodium-Potassium Pump
An example of a cell membrane “pump”
Endocytosis
Movement of a substance by a vesicle to inside the cell
Exocytosis
Movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell
Vesicle
Organelle that fuses with lysosomes in order that contents can be digested
Contractile Vacuole
Organelle that pumps water out of the cell
Passive Transport Includes…
Diffusion, Ion Channels and Osmosis
Active Transport Includes…
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, All cells come from pre-exsisting living cells
Prokaryotes
Bacteria, very simple, no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular, cell wall
Eukaryotes
Plant and Animal Cells, complex, membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria
Microscopic living organisms
“Bad” Bacteria
Tetanus, Pneumonia, Syphilis, Tuberculosis
How can you prevent risk of infection from bacteria?
Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Disenfectants and Sterilization
Antibiotics
Against-life, seek to kill bacteria, DO NOT kill viruses
“Good” Bacteria
Probiotics, offer some type of health benefit
Antibiotic Resistance
Some bacterial species are able to survive after prolonged exposure to one or more types of antibiotics
Bacterial Structure
Coccus, Bacillus, Spirullus
Archaebacteria
Ancient, extreme environments
Eubacteria
New, current form of bacteria, constantly evolving, live everywhere\
Passively Moves
High Concentration to Low Concentration
Diffusion
Small and nonpolar can diffuse directly through the cell membrane
Solute
Being dissolved
Solvent
Dissolver
Solute+Solvent =
100%
Solutions
Inside and Outside the cell
How does Osmosis move?
Water moving through a semi-permeable membrane through aquaporins
Ion Channels allow for…
Large and polar molecules to diffuse, also a form of facilitated diffusion
Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion: Nonpolar and Low
Osmosis: Water
Ion Channels: Polar and Charged Particles
Energy in cells…
ATP (Adenasine Triphosphate)
Movement of Active Transport is…
Against the concentration gradient, substances move from low to high
Charged Energy
ATP = Charged
ADP = Uncharged
Channel Pumps
Proteins in the cell membrane push molecules against their concentration gradient to maintain unequal levels using ATP
Active Transport Integral Proteins
Uniport: Moves molecules in one direction
Antiport: Moves molecules in opposite directions
Symport: Moves two different ions in the same direction
Methods of Active Transport
Channel Pumps, Vesicles(endocytosis, exocytosis)