Behaviourist - Debate

What are the two types of conditioning in the Behaviourist Approach?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

What is classical conditioning?

A form of learning where a desired behavior is learned through association.

What is operant conditioning?

A form of learning where behavior is learned through consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

How can conditioning be used to change children's behavior?

Through association (e.g., using a school bell) or consequences (e.g., detention or reward points).

What is a key ethical concern regarding conditioning techniques?

They may manipulate behavior without the individual's knowledge or consent.

Who are two key figures associated with the Behaviourist Approach?

Pavlov and Skinner.

What is the impact of conditioning techniques on children's behavior?

They can influence behavior positively or negatively, but may also create dependency on rewards.

What is the debate surrounding the use of conditioning techniques?

Whether they are beneficial for children or coercive methods that create 'robots'.

What is a 'token economy' in the context of conditioning?

A system where rewards are given for desired behaviors, often used in behavior modification.

What are some Tier 2 vocabulary words relevant to the Behaviourist Approach?

Strength, weakness, implication, motivation, vulnerable.

What are some Tier 3 vocabulary words relevant to the Behaviourist Approach?

Valid informed consent, psychological harm, observation, counter conditioning.

What is the structure for contemporary debate questions in psychology?

AO1/AO3 - Introduction, three themes with both sides explored, and overall conclusions.

What is the significance of the phrase 'WWW and EBI' in essay writing?

'WWW' stands for 'What Went Well' and 'EBI' stands for 'Even Better If', used for feedback.

What is the minimum paragraph requirement for an 8-mark exam question?

Two paragraphs, one focusing on ethics and one on social implications.

What does the term 'vulnerable' refer to in the context of conditioning techniques?

Individuals, such as children, who may be easily influenced or manipulated.

Why is it important to provide evidence in debates about conditioning?

To support arguments and achieve higher marks beyond textbook points.

What is a common method of conditioning used at home?

Using rewards, such as treats or stickers, to encourage desired behaviors.

What is the potential long-term impact of conditioning on children?

It may affect their health and well-being, influencing their motivations and behaviors.

What does the term 'coercion' imply in the context of parenting techniques?

Using pressure or manipulation to influence a child's behavior.

What is the role of context in answering exam questions about conditioning?

Specific details from research must be included to provide a comprehensive answer.

What is the purpose of using different colored pens when swapping answers?

To differentiate between original work and peer feedback.

What is the significance of 'valid informed consent' in psychological studies?

It ensures participants are fully aware of the study and agree to participate voluntarily.

What does the term 'psychological harm' refer to?

Negative emotional or mental effects that can result from psychological research or conditioning.

What is systematic desensitization?

A behavioral therapy used to reduce phobic responses through gradual exposure.

What is the purpose of using SEEW paragraphs in essays?

To structure arguments effectively by stating a point, explaining it, providing evidence, and linking back to the question.

What is the implication of conditioning techniques on wider society?

They may shape future generations' behaviors and societal norms.

What is one benefit of conditioning at home for children?

It can help shape desired behaviors through reinforcement.

What is a major problem with using conditioning techniques at home?

Parents often struggle to remain calm and consistent.

What is the 'naughty step' technique?

A conditioning method where a child is temporarily removed from a situation to discourage unwanted behavior.

What are the ethical implications of conditioning children?

Concerns include valid consent and potential psychological harm.

What negative effect can smacking have on children?

It can cause physical pain and psychological distress.

What factors determine the success of the 'time-out' method?

Consistency, clarity of rules, and the child's understanding of the reason for the time-out.

Why might some children find the 'time-out' method humiliating?

It can be perceived as a public punishment, leading to feelings of shame.

What did McAllister et al (1969) find about teacher praise?

Increased teacher praise led to a decrease in inappropriate talking in secondary school.

How can classical conditioning be applied in schools?

By maximizing pleasant stimuli and minimizing unpleasant stimuli to create a positive learning environment.

What are the six killers of motivation in school?

Promising rewards, evaluation, restricting choice, restricting time, surveillance, and competition.

How can conditioning techniques stifle children's creativity?

They prevent children from developing independent thought and problem-solving skills.

What is intrinsic motivation?

The drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for an external reward.

What was the finding of the Lepper et al 1973 study regarding rewards?

Rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation for tasks that children would otherwise enjoy.

What is the primary ethical concern when conditioning children?

Children may be conditioned without their knowledge or consent.

What does the term 'contrary' mean in the context of conditioning?

Opposite of what is expected, particularly in relation to the effects of rewards.

What is the impact of extrinsic rewards on children's learning?

They can undermine intrinsic motivation and enjoyment in learning activities.

What is the purpose of using conditioning techniques in education?

To control behavior and improve student performance through reinforcement.

What is a potential economic implication of effective conditioning in schools?

Better behavior and education can lead to successful adults and a stronger economy.

What is the role of pleasant stimuli in classical conditioning in the classroom?

To create positive associations with the learning environment.

Why is it important to consider ethical implications in conditioning children?

To ensure the protection of children's rights and well-being.

What does the term 'diminished' refer to in the context of motivation?

To become less or reduced, particularly in relation to intrinsic motivation.

What is the effect of competition on children's motivation?

It can lead to anxiety and reduce intrinsic motivation.

How does conditioning relate to the wider debate on child behavior management?

It raises questions about the balance between discipline and the psychological impact on children.

What is one argument against the use of conditioning at home?

It can lead to psychological harm and a lack of free will for children.

What is the significance of valid consent in conditioning children?

It ensures that children are aware of and agree to the methods being used on them.

What is the primary argument for using financial rewards in schools?

Financial rewards may increase grades, benefiting society and the economy by helping students secure better jobs.

What concern arises from rewarding children financially in education?

It may create a generation motivated solely by money, which could be unhealthy.

What is Generation Z's expectation regarding financial incentives in their careers?

They expect higher financial incentives than they will actually achieve in their early careers.

What percentage less do graduates typically earn compared to their expectations, according to Forbes (2019)?

About 23% less than expected.

What are the top three workplace perks valued by Generation Z?

1) Annual leave on birthdays (86%), 2) Free coffee and hot drinks (85%), 3) Flexi-hours (83%).

What is the purpose of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)?

To increase social interactions for children with autism through reinforcement of appropriate social behaviors.

What criticism has been leveled against Lovaas' methods in ABA?

The methods are demanding, requiring about 40 hours of therapy per week, which can be costly and unnecessary.

What did Anderson et al (1987) find regarding therapy hours for autistic children?

An average of 20 hours per week was sufficient to see significant improvement in social behavior.

What is a potential downside of using conditioning techniques on children with psychological conditions?

Conditioning may only treat symptoms, and undesirable behaviors might re-emerge once reinforcement is removed.

What ethical implications arise from using money as a reward in education?

It raises questions about whether money could be better spent and if conditioning manipulates children without their awareness.

What is the economic impact of using conditioning techniques in schools?

It can reduce costs associated with excluding misbehaving pupils, which costs taxpayers significantly.

What long-term societal impacts could result from conditioning children for good behavior?

It may lead to the creation of individuals who are overly compliant or motivated primarily by rewards.

What methodological critique can be made about Lovaas's research on ASD children?

The study did not randomly allocate participants to experimental and control conditions, leading to potential researcher bias.

How do cultural differences affect the use of reward systems in education?

In some cultures, like Japan, there is less emphasis on rewards and praise, with children being more intrinsically motivated.

What is the definition of 'conditioning' behavior?

Conditioning behavior refers to the process of modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment.

What is the role of token economy in conditioning children with hyperactivity?

It reinforces desirable behaviors by allowing children to earn tokens for rewards.

What is the implication of using conditioning techniques in vulnerable groups?

It can be beneficial for managing behaviors but raises ethical concerns about the appropriateness of such interventions.

What is a potential negative outcome of conditioning in the home?

It may lead to children becoming dependent on external rewards rather than developing intrinsic motivation.

What is the impact of conditioning on work/life balance for children?

It could create unrealistic expectations for financial rewards and work conditions in their future careers.

What is the argument against using conditioning techniques in the home?

It may manipulate children and undermine their ability to understand the intrinsic value of good behavior.

What is the main focus of the behaviourist approach?

The behaviourist approach focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned through conditioning.

What are the two main types of conditioning in behaviorism?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

What is a token economy?

A system where tokens are given as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for other rewards.

What are some ethical implications of using conditioning techniques on children?

Concerns include manipulation of behavior, potential loss of free will, and the risk of creating dependency on rewards.

How do Japanese schools differ in their use of rewards compared to Western schools?

Japanese schools tend to use less reward and praise, focusing more on intrinsic motivation.

What is one argument against the use of conditioning techniques?

They may lead to learned helplessness or demotivation in children.

What is one argument in favor of conditioning techniques in education?

They can effectively improve behavior and focus in the classroom.

What did Lovas's research with ASD children highlight?

It raised concerns about researcher bias due to the lack of random allocation in experimental conditions.

What is the significance of the 'time-out' technique in behavior modification?

Research suggests it does not increase anxiety or aggression in children compared to physical punishment.

What does the SEE critique stand for in evaluating arguments?

Statement, Evidence, Explanation.

What is a potential negative outcome of using praise as a behavior control method?

It may create a reliance on external validation, reducing intrinsic motivation.

What is the conclusion regarding the use of conditioning techniques in the classroom?

There is evidence for both benefits and drawbacks, but the long-term impact on motivation may be concerning.

What is the role of psychological evidence in debates about conditioning techniques?

It provides support for arguments both for and against the use of such techniques in behavior control.

What is the impact of conditioning techniques on societal contributions of school leavers?

Effective use of conditioning can lead to better-educated individuals who contribute meaningfully to society.

What is the importance of having a final conclusion in a debate?

It summarizes the argument and links back to the initial question or statement.

What should be included when constructing an argument for or against conditioning?

Clear identification of the type of conditioning used and its positive or negative effects.

What is the potential risk of conditioning techniques in terms of children's autonomy?

They may undermine children's ability to make independent choices and decisions.

How can conditioning techniques be beneficial in a school environment?

They can lead to improved behavior and academic performance through structured reinforcement.

What is the relationship between conditioning techniques and anxiety in children?

Some studies suggest that certain techniques do not increase anxiety levels compared to harsher punishments.

What is a key consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of conditioning techniques?

The validity of the research methods used to assess their impact.

What should students do when time is limited in a debate?

Focus on the most important points and ensure a conclusion is presented.

What is the role of peer marking in essay writing?

It allows students to receive feedback and improve their writing skills through collaborative evaluation.

What is the purpose of summarizing points in a debate?

To clarify arguments and ensure that both sides are represented effectively.

What are the implications of using conditioning techniques in parenting?

They can influence children's behavior but may also raise ethical concerns about manipulation.

What is the importance of using quotes in supporting arguments?

Quotes provide authoritative evidence that strengthens the credibility of the argument.

What is the potential long-term impact of conditioning on children's motivation?

It may lead to decreased intrinsic motivation and reliance on external rewards.