KIN 4512 Exam 2 sontag

prenatal development

development from conception to birth

early development is controlled by what?

genes

The embryo or fetus is sensitive to _____ factors

extrinsic

what are positive effects of prenatal development?

proper nutrients, exercise, general health of mother

what are negative effects of prenatal development?

abnormal external pressure to abdomen, viruses or drugs in bloodstream

implantation

process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus

embryonic development

Conception to 8 weeks

Differentiation of cells to form specific tissues and organs

Limbs formed at 4 weeks

Human form noticeable at 8 weeks

in the fetal development : (8 weeks to birth) growth of organs and tissues occur by:

hyperplasia/ hypertrophy, plasticity, cephalocaudal, and proximodistal

hyperplasia

increase in cell number

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

cells have plasticity, which is:

modifiability. tissues can assume functions of other tissues

growth tends to proceed in two directions which are:

cephalocaudal and proximodistal

cephalocaudal development

growth head to toe

head and facial structure grow fastest

proximodistal development

near to far, growth proceeds from the body toward the extremities

fetal nourishment

oxygen and nutrients diffuse between fetal and maternal blood in placenta

poor maternal health status can affect fetus

Abnormal Prenatal Development: Genetic Causes

inherited abnormalities are dominant or recessive

new mutations can occur due to alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of egg/sperm cell

dominant genetic inherited abnormalities

one parent

recessive genetic abnormalities

both parents, less prominent

abnormal prenatal development: extrinsic

fetal nourishment comes from the carries which can be good or bad

teratogen

any drug or chemical that causes abnormal prenatal development upon exposure

ex: drugs, vitamins, hormones, etc

effects of teratrgoens depends on __

when the fetus was exposed and to how much of the substance

typically the earlier the exposure/infection, the more serious the abnormalities

external causes of abnormal development based physical environment

pressure, temperature, x-ray exposure, environmental pollutants

environmental effects can result in

delayed growth, malformation, life-threatening conditions, and the fetus' stage of development

examples of environmental effects

air pollution, caffeine, maternal occupation, and secondhand smoke

where does physical growth and development begin?

in the utero

parental development is influenced by which two factors?

genetic and extrinsic factors

individuals are, in part, products of the macros that affected ______?

their prenatal growth and development

what two things change individual constraints?

growth and aging

Genetic and extrinsic factors combine to

influence growth and aging

universality

patterns in growth and aging that hold for ALL humans

specificaility

individual variation in patterns in growth and aging

plotting overall growth allows us to compare an individual with the ______ and adjust expectations according

average

growth patterns are not _____.

linear

true or false

growth patterns are predictable and consistent?

true

overall growth (height) has what kind of curve

sigmoid curve

in girls the peak height velocity occurs at

11.5 to 12 years

what age do girls stop growing?

16

Boys peak height velocity occurs at

13.5 to 14 years

boys stop growing at around what age

18

what is the growth period called in males that contributes to absolute height differences?

the long growth period

weight follows what kind of pattern?

a sigmoid pattern

true or false?

weight is highly susceptible to extrinsic factors like diet and exercise?

true

peak weight velocity follows peak height velocity

•Males: delay of 2.5-5 months

•Females: delay of 3.5-10.5 months

extent of growth follows a ____ curve

distance curve

rate of growth has a ___ curve

velocity curve

extent of growth can determine what?

variables of growth at certain ages

the rate of growth can determine what?

peak growth velocity (the age that growth is fastest for a portion of the lifespan)

Peak Height Velocity (PHV)

age at which one is growing the fastest

what does age at takeoff mean?

age at which one changes from slow growth to rapid growth

PHV in boys

13.5-14 years

specific parts of the body, tissues and organs have different ____ rates.

growth

body proportions change from what to what?

head-heavy, short-legged form at birth to adult proportions

in adolescence, boys typically increase in ____

shoulder breadth

physiological maturation

the developmental process of leading to a state of full function

mature

as we grow in size and increase in years, we...

secondary sex characteristics are

aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescence

secondary sex characteristics appear at a younger age in girls and boys or are early

matuerers

Girls mature __ than boys

faster

true or false? menarche occurs in girls and is after PHV by 11-12 months

true

maturation status - a constraint

ppl who are more mature are likely stronger and more coordinated

group youth sport teams according to age, not to what?

not maturation status

motor incoordination/ adolescent awkwardness

temporary effects for around ~6 months

increased risk for injury

early childhood (0-5 yr)

rapid increases in height during first two years

rapid increase in weight

head proportionally larger than body

legs grow faster than head and trunk

no sign of maturation present

late childhood (6-9 yr)

steady height changes

steady weight changes

legs continue to grow faster than trunk and head

puberty-induced body changes may begin as early as 9 yrs old in females

Early Adolescence (10-14 yr)

rapid height changes, peak velocity occurs btwn ages 11-14 (girls reach PHV earlier than boys)

rapid weight changes, peak velocity, occurs 2-5 months after height spurt

gender differences appear in shoulder to hip ratios

secondary sex characteristics appear

during periods of rapid growth, growth is

sensitive to alteration by environmental factors

ie. early diet (breastfed vs formula fed)

what extrinsic factors are most likely to affect growth during infancy?

nutritional, endocrine, and pyschosocial

second hand smoke, social influences

what extrinsic factors are most likely to affect growth during the adolescent growth spurt?

second hand smoke, belonging to a group, social settings

adulthood and aging -height

its stable in adulthood but may decrease in older adulthood

Why do you shrink as you age?

compression of cartilage pads; osteoporosis

knowledge of physical growth, maturation and aging allows parents, educators, and therapists, to understand how changing structural constraints affects what?

movement

the plateau in girls height happens before or after boys?

before

the distance curve is

the absolute

does rate of growth function as a constraint?

yes

endocrine system

exerts control over certain cellular functions using hormones

skeletal system structure is maintained via

cartilage

priamry ossification center

area in the mid portions of the shafts of long bones where bone cells are formed

secondary ossification centers (postnatal development)

Sites of bone formation in epiphyses after birth (following primary growth)

true or false? :Growth at the epiphyseal plates stops at different times for different bones

true

all bones are closed by age ___ for females and age ____ for males

15,18

on average, adults loose about one percent of bone mass per year

true

osteoporosis risk factors

leads to rib cage collopse, stooped posture, and reduced height

extent of bone loss is influenced by what?

diet, exercise, how we do in life, hormone levels

estrogen stimualtates osteblasts which helps

helps to be a reguawltor of bone mass and rebuild

hand size changes movement patterns (graph) showed that

the frequency of using 2 hands was higher at lower cup diameters for infants, than adults

Achondroplasia

•A disorder of bone growth that prevents changing of cartilage to bone (cartilage growth defects)

•Most common form of disproportionate dwarfism

what are some Common structural and functional differences

•Shorter fingers

•Shorter stature

•Enlarged head and forehead

•Limited range of motion at elbows

•Atypical spine structure (e.g., lordosis of spine: lordotic curve arches too far inward)

•Different body proportions (shorter limbs/longer trunk/larger head)

•Prenatal growth involves hyperplasia and hypertrophy

•Hyperplasia – an increase in the absolute number of cells

•Hypertrophy – increases the relative sizes of individual cells

what does postnatal growth follow?

hypertrophy

smooth muscle

•involuntary, non-striated muscle

•In organs: stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, skin, etc.

cardiac muscle

•involuntary, striated muscle

•In the heart

skeletal muscle

•- voluntary, striated muscle

•The muscles you "think" of when you hear muscles, attached to bones by tendons

adult muscle is composed of slow and fast twitch fibers

yes

fast twitch fibers (type IIa, IIx)

intense short duration activities

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

By 80 years, an average of 30% of muscle mass is lost.

Decrease in number and size of muscle fibers.

Fast twitch fibers undergo a greater loss, than slow twitch (Nilwik et al., 2013)

More fat and connective tissue in limb muscles, than younger adults (Evans & Lexell, 1995).

Is there anything that can be done to prevent or reduce these declines?

why does this happen? •Aging: Heart loses its ability to adapt to increased workloads

•May be due to degeneration of heart muscle, decreased elasticity, changes in fibers of the valves, or (partly) lifestyle

•Heart rate variability (HRV) indicates cardiac health

•variation in the time interval between consecutive heartbeats in milliseconds

what does higher HRV mean?

•indicative of lower cardiac risk and better outcomes (lower morbidity, mortality, improved psychological well-being)

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