Orthopedics - Muscular System

Chapter 8

structures of muscular system

muscles and tendons

functions of muscular system

to help maintain body position and produce movements of the bony framework

skeletal muscles

voluntary muscles that allow for body movements

cardiac muscle

muscle that makes up the heart and is under involuntary control

smooth muscles

involuntary muscles that form a continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures

muscle origin

beginning of muscle where a tendon attaches to a stationary or near-stationary bone

muscle insertion

ending of muscle where a tendon attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

belly of a muscle

part of the muscle with the greatest mass

atrophy

loss of bulk in one or more muscles

a-

away from, without

troph/o-

development

-ic

pertaining to

avulsion

condition in which a muscle tears away from a tendon or a tendon tears away from a bone

vuls/o-

tear

-ion

condition

compartment syndrome

condition in which severe injury causes bleeding and the fascia acts as a compartment

how does the fascia act as a compartiment in compartment syndrome?

the fascia holds in accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues

contracture

condition in which a muscle becomes progressively more flexed and eventually “sticks” in a nearly immovable position

fibromyalgia

condition associated with pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back

fibr/o-

fiber

my/o-

muscle

alg/o-

pain

-ia

condition

hyperextension-hyperflexion injury

injury that occurs when a person’s head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed, also known as whiplash

with what trauma is hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries most commonly associated with?

car accidents

what effects do hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries have on the muscles?

muscle strain, muscle tear, and/or nerve damage

muscle contusion

bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma, also called a bruise

contus/o-

bruise

muscle spasm

painful but temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly, severely, and involuntarily contracts, also called a muscle cramp

torticollis

muscle spasm in the neck

tort/i-

twisted position

-collis

condition of the neck

muscle strain

overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon, also known as a pulled muscle

muscular dystrophy (MD)

group of muscle diseases caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin

what happens to the muscles without the dystrophin protein?

muscles progressively weaken and atrophy

dys-

abnormal

-trophy

process of development

myalgia

pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease

polymyalgia

pain in several muscle groups

myopathy

general category that includes many different muscle diseases

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers

what does the destruction of acetylcholine receptors cause?

abnormal, rapid muscle fatigue

common sign of myasthenia gravis

blepharoptosis or droopy eyelid

myositis

inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling or tenderness caused by injury, strain, or disease

polymyositis

widespread inflammation with weakness and fatigue

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time, also called cumulative trauma disorder

rhabdomyoma

a benign tumor of the muscle containing rod-shaped cells in the muscle

rhabd/o-

rod shaped

-oma

mass or tumor

rhabdomyosarcoma

cancerous tumor of the muscle usually found in children and young adults

rotator cuff tear

a tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus usually from trauma or repetitive overuse

muscular antagonism

one muscle contracts and a second muscle either relaxes to allow movement or partially contracts to control the movement

muscular synergism

one muscle contracts and other nearby muscles also contract to produce the same but greater combined movement

flexion

bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or body parts

extension

straightening or extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or body parts

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

ab-

away from

ad-

putting parts together (towards each other)

supination

turning the palm of the hand upward so that the hand is “lying on its back”

pronation

turning the palm of the hand downward

eversion

turning a body part outward and to the side

inversion

turning a body part inward

rotation

moving a body part around its axis

ataxia

incoordination of the muscles during movement, especially when walking

bradykinesia

abnormally slow muscle muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous movements often associated with Parkinson disease

brady-

slow

kines/o-

movement

dyskinesia

abnormal motions, such as tics, spasms, jerking or slow writhing of the hands, that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles

hyperkinesis

an abnormally increased amount of muscle movements

restless leg syndrome

uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the leg muscles, along with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect sensations, often at night

tremor

small, involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continuous and cannot be controlled

tendon

a white fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

fascia

a thin layer of connective tissue that wraps each muscle and merges into its tendon

bursitis

inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa

dupuytren contracture

progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm cause a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger

epicondylitis

inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus

lateral epicondylitis

pain on the outside of the elbow, also called tennis elbow

medial epicondylitis

pain on the inside of the elbow, also called golfer’s or pitcher’s elbow

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia around a muscle, often affecting the bottom of the foot

fasci/o-

fascia

-itis

infection, inflammation

ganglion

semisolid or fluid-containing cyst that grows on a tendon, often appearing as a rounded lump that may or may not be painful

shin splints

pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor muscles over the shin bone due to overuse

tendinitis

inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse

acetylcholine receptor antibody test

test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its own acetylcholine receptors

what disease is acetylcholine receptor antibody test often used to diagnose?

myasthenia gravis

electromyography (EMG)

procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts and relaxes in order to diagnose muscle or nerve disease

electr/o-

electricity

my/o-

muscle

-graphy

process of recording

brace

orthopedic device that supports and straightens a body part while still permitting movement, also known as orthosis

adaptive or assistive device

device that increases mobility and independence by helping the patient perform activities of daily living (ADLs)

deep tendon reflexes

procedure that tests whether the muscular-nervous pathway is functioning normally

on what joint is deep tendon reflexes most often performed?

knee

how is a deep tendon reflex test done on the knee?

tapping briskly on the tendon should cause involuntary contraction of the muscle, also known as the knee-jerk test or patellar reflex test

muscle strength test

procedure in which the physician presses against some part of a patient’s body and asks the patient to move that part, rated on a scale of 0 to 5

rehabilitation (rehab) exercises

exercises included in a physical therapy rehabilitation plan to help increase muscle strength and improve coordination and balance

bursa sac

fluid-filled sac that sits between joints that acts as a gliding cushion between bones, tendons, and muscles

RICE

rest, ice, compression bandage, elevate