Unit 3 environmental changes test

• Paleo  

• - oldest 

meso

middle

sino

new

who devloped relative dating

arthur holmes

• Law of superposition -

- the lower the fossil the older the higher the fossil the younger  

Uplifting -

- how things get turned upside down due geologic processes

what does uplifiting cause in the geologic process

• not to see the same things all over the world  

• Absolute dating

• - a precise number to a sign of a fossil or  rock  

Radiometric dating -

  

testing organisms that loose protons and see how old they are

cambrian explosion

570 mya all the different phylums  appear  at the same time   

• Permian Mass extinction -

250 million years ago , believed to had occurred when pangea occurred   

•  Creatus mass extinction -

• - occurred about 65 million years go , partnered with the extinction of the dinosaurs, believed that a meteor or comet from the gulf off mexico called the chicxulub crater  

who developed radiometric dating

Bertram Boltwood

•  half life -

- the amount of time its takes for half of a radioactive substance to deca\y into a non - radioactive substance   

Drawbacks of relative dating

• cost alot

• time consuming

what are the 3   assumptions that must be made to determine if radiometric dating  is reliable and accurate 

• 1. When  The rock  was  being formed  the rock was formed it had all of the 1st substance and none of the second substance 

• 2. None of the elements escaped 

• 3. The half life is constant 

when is carbon dating useful

• dating  things that were alive 

Racemization -

- amino acids switch from right handed to left handed

issues with racemization

• 1. organism has to be covered fast  and completely 

• 2. Sediment has to be come rock( pressure and heat )

what do Other uranium methods turn into

theorem and then protactinium 

• Fission Tracks -

• happens rocks capture images of the radio bursts (look at rings and can tell how old something is )  Ex. counting rings on a tree  

Neo - Darwinism 

new darwinism

• The mutation selection theory( gradualism )

• idea that there are mistake that are happening all the time and when these mistakes happen 

what are the mutations that can be passed on ?

sperm and egg

• what fossil is so common that the scientific community knows how old they are and anything around them are the same age  

index fossil

• Punctuated equilibrium -

• -  proposed by ghoul and  eldridge , proposed  that there are long periods of time where no evolution is occurring followed by rapid burst of evolution    

examples of Punctuated equilibrium

major events in nature ( earthquakes , hurricanes )

• Nemesis -

• the sister star of our sun is in orbit and gives off extra radiation which causes animals that are affected to mutate and die and some that mutate and live  (26 my orbit )  

what are the 3 things that gradulist  say

• 1. Statis  /no evolution is actually false statis  is a allusion 

• 2,. Rapid change is a relative concept 

• 3. The fossil record is incomplete ( because we have looked everywhere, some are destroyed, not everything fossilized )  

what are “ missing links “ called

transitional fossils

• Primitive characteristics -

- a characteristic that  an organism shares with its ancestor

examples of primitive characteristics

Thumbs of apes and humans and  mammary glands ) 

• Derived characteristics 

• characteristics that aren't shared with your ancestors 

examples of derived characteristics

•  Brain capacity , walking upright monkeys and humans

• Multiregional hypothesis -

• - between 1 and 2 mya  homo erectus like africa and some went to europe africa and says and during that process the became to interbreed and homo sapiens  show up on the scene 

• Replacement hypothesis

• -  homo sapiens specifically evolve in africa and outcompete the other organisms in their lands

Anthropoids - 

-  things that are more man-like ex . monkeys ( smarter primates )

• Hominoids -

• - more man like ( close relative ) chimpanzees  - Ex  apes  

• Primates ,

• - 2 arms , 2 legs , eyes in front of head , go all the way back to lemurs and lorises 

• Hominids

• - all supposedly on the direct path towards humans  ( direct line ancestor )  

• Bipedalism

• - the ability to walk upright 

• Tool use - 

• , a things that evolved over evolutionary time  as humans got smarter  

• Brain Capacity

• - greatly increases from the smartest chimpanzees to humans  

• Jaw size  -Bone

• - Change in shape (extended to a flat jaw ) 

Muscles -

- were larger in early than in humans today , as time went on the muscles got smaller

Reduced difference between the sexes -

- modern average human male is 20 larger than an average female

Australopithecus africanus  ( Lucy ) -

- female upright walking creature

• A. Robustus -

• - considered an ancestor of africanus but not on the same line as humans  ( destined form african but different line from humans ) 

• Adipthieceus ramidus 

• Known as “ Arty “

• Discovered in 1994   

• 375 - 550 cc Brain capacity 

• 5.8 - 4.4 mya ( oldest pre human ) 

Homo habilis

• Many discovers in Africa 

• discovered in 1962 

• Found near crude stone tools (shows there were capable of tool use ) 

• Referred to as “ handy man “ 

• 2.5 - 1.6 mya 

• 600 - 750 cc brain capacity  

• Smaller jaw  

• Homo ergaster 

• Turkana boy 

• discovered in kenya in 1984 

• 1.7 mya 

• Presumed link b/t  Homo habilis and Homo erectus 

• Brain capacity over 900 cc ( 810 cc) 

• Males 1.35x bigger than females

• Homo erctus

• discovered in 1891 in Java 

• Fully upright walker  

• 1.8 mya - 500 mya  

• 1100 Brain capacity ( 935 cc) 

• Males 1.2 x bigger than female 

• Femur  is indistinguishable from female modern man  

• Piltdown Man -

• - discovered in england and was raved about of being the missing link , ( was a hoax because it was a human jaw and a chimp’s cranium )  

• Java Man -

• -  homo erectus , parts found where top of head 

Peking man -

- found in china , built who thing about him but just turned out to be homo erectus

Nebraska man

- found in nebraska and a single tooth was found ( tooth of a pig )

Gigantopithecus -

- ( not a hoax ) bigfoot  ,( found very big jaw and skull )

what is a sub species of modern man because of the same bones 

• neanderthal man

• Cro - Magnon Man

 

• discovered in 1868 in France 

• Fossils appear to be 30 to 32,000 years old 

• 1370 cc brain capacity 

example of index fossils

orthoceras , trilobites, ammonites

what are 3 of the major steps between evolution from mokneys to humans

bipedalism , brain capacticy , tool use