marine biology final :)

universal solvent

dissolves more than any other liquid; ex) water

cohesion

water sticks to itself; ex) hydrogen bond

surface tension

created by cohesion; ex) water droplet

adhesion

water "sticks" to other polar molecules or surfaces that are charged; ex) water travels up the tubes inside a plant

capilary action

the result of adhesion; ex) water climbing structures because those structures are also charged

specific heat

amount of energy required to raise temp of 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius; ex) water absorbs lots of heat before its temp rises; also takes a long time to cool

what current impacts the climate of Southern Californnia and why

cold water

more dense

hot water

less dense

density

D=m(g)/v(ml)

what happens at an esturary?

fresh water floats and salt water sinks. then, they mix to make brackish water. This happens because salt water is more dense than freshwater.

salinity

the amount of salt in water

why is sea ice important to polar bears

travel & rest

3 sources of salt in the ocean

rocks, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents

explain how scientists have information about earths climate from thousands of years ago (ice)

cylynders of ice are drilled from glaciers. they contain bubbles of trapped air from the past!

which current brings warm water from the equator towards england

the gulf stream

how is heat transferred arount earth

heat comes from the equator and is moved through currents

photic

sunlit, upper layer of water

aphotic

dark, deeper layer of water

bacteria

single celled, prokaryotes (no nucleus)

eukarya protista

have nucleus, weird kingdom

archea

single celled, prokaryotes, extremophiles

eukarya plantae

photosynthetic, flowering plants, have specialized tissue to move water and nutrients

eukarya animalia

eukaryotic, multicellular

eukarya animalia chordata

gill slits, dorsal nerve chord, digestive. system

eukarya animalia vertebrata

backbone, bilateral symetry, 2 pairs of appendages

domain

3

kingdoms

6

thermophiles

archaea; live in extreme environments

cyanobacteria

bacteria; produced the first oxygen on earth; blue/green algae;

kelp/seaweed

eukarya protista; different colors because of different chlorophils

mangroves/seagrass

eukarya plantae; leaves, stems, and roots

WHALES

eukarya animalia; have a backbone

autotroph

make own food ex) plant

heterotroph

relies on others for its food ex) animal

phytoplankton

live near the surface for photosynthesis, autotrophic, food for zooplankton

zooplankton

floating, live near surface to eat phytoplankton, vertically migrate at night to eat

sessile

organism does not move in its adult form

holoplankton

zooplankton that start small and stay small

meroplankton

zooplankton that start small and grow larger

dichotomous keys

used to idenfity organisms based on shared characteristics

rules for writing scientific names

classify based on shared groups

what do the arrows in a food chain represent

energy transfer

10% rule

10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic lever to the next

the amount of available energy due to _ and _

decreases; energy being lost; heat/metabolic processes

what impact did DDT have on bald eagles

it decreased the population because DDT was making the eggs fragile

what are greenhouse gasses

gasses in the atmosphere that trap heat

why is the greenhouse effect so important for life on earth

it increases temperatures and leads to global warming

how to mangroves and seagrasses protect coastal cities

reduce erosion, provides a buffer to storms

sequester

to store or isolate something

what is happening to arctic sea ice due to global warming

the ice melts so the water temps rise

arctic

an ocean surrounded by continents and covered with ice

antarctic

land covered in ice and surrounded by ocean

why does water sink near greenland

the water is colder, so its more dense

biotic

living factors ex) fish, seaweed

abiotic

non-living factors ex) temperature, salinity

in ecosystems, food energy is in the form of this sugar molecule

glucose

what is the layer of water called where fresh water becomes salt water

brackish water/esturary

benthic zone

lowest level of a body of water

bioluminescence

light that is created by organisms

why does water sink near greenland

its cold and salty, making it more dense

how does sea ice help maintain earths temperature

it reflects sunlight and helps cool the planet

asexual reproduction

involves 1 parent, makes identical offspring

sexual reproduction

involves 2 parents that make genetically diverse offspring

what provides support for arthropod bodies

exoskeleton make of chitin

how do icebergs form

chunks of glaciers/ice shelves break off and float in the ocean

what creates surface currents

wind

what creates deep currents

temperature and salinity differences

what is causing the average sea levels to rise

melting sea glaciers, thermal expansion of seawater

why can fish survive under ice

ice insulates the water below and oxygen is still present

plants sequester carbon. what does this mean and why is it important

this means they absorb and store carbon. this is important because it reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere