AP HW - Endocrine

Hormones are defined as __________.

signaling molecules released into the bloodstream

What statement best describes peptide and protein hormones?

They consist of multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain.

Neurotransmitters are __________.

chemical messengers released by neurons to communicate with a local cell or cells

What statement best describes endocrine signaling?

It involves hormones that induce cellular responses throughout the body.

What statement best describes steroid hormones?

They are produced by cholesterol modification.

What statement best describes amine hormones?

They are produced by modifying a single amino acid.

What statement best describes hormone receptors?

They are proteins located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane.

What statement best describes intracellular hormone receptors?

They are located within the cell because they bind to lipid-soluble hormones.

What statement best describes adenylyl cyclase?

An enzyme that converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP.

What statement best describes a phosphodiesterase (PDE)?

An enzyme that degrades cAMP to ensure that a target cell's response ends quickly.

What statement best describes downregulation?

A process that decreases the number of expressed receptors for a specific hormone.

What statement best describes upregulation?

A process that allows cells to be more sensitive to the available hormone.

What statement best describes the anterior pituitary?

It is a brain structure that is a true endocrine gland, not neural.

What statement best describes the posterior pituitary?

It is a brain region that secretes two neurohormones, oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

What primary endocrine glands are included in the endocrine system?

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal