motivation theories- Maslow, Herzberg, Mayo and Taylor

What two types of factors did Herzberg suggest for understanding employee motivation and satisfaction?

Hygiene factors and motivator factors.

What are Herzberg's hygiene factors based on?

The need for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work.

When Herzberg's hygiene factors are considered inadequate, what can they cause?

Dissatisfaction at work.

Name some examples of Herzberg's hygiene factors.

Wages, company policy and administration, working conditions, and feelings of job security.

What are Herzberg's motivator factors based on?

An individual's need for personal growth.

Name some examples of Herzberg's motivator factors.

Status, opportunity for advancement, responsibility, and challenging/stimulating work.

What three methods did Herzberg suggest for rearranging work?

Job enlargement, job rotation, and job enrichment.

What was Mayo's belief about worker motivation, contrasting with Taylor's view?

Workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work.

What school of thought did Mayo introduce?

The Human Relation School of thought.

According to Mayo, what are three ways workers are best motivated?

Better communication between managers and workers, greater manager involvement in employees' working lives, and working in groups or teams.

According to Maslow, where do individuals typically start in the hierarchy of needs?

At the bottom, with physical (physiological) needs.

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy includes basic necessities like food and shelter?

Physical needs.

In Maslow's hierarchy, what type of needs involve protection against unemployment, loss of income, and physical safety (e.g., protective clothing)?

Safety needs.

Maslow's Social needs are characterized by what aspects?

The desire to belong to a group, teamwork, and working with supportive colleagues.

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy is about being given recognition for a job well done, such as a promotion?

Esteem needs.

According to Maslow, what happens once a physiological need has been satisfied for an individual?

It is no longer a motivator, and the individual moves up to the next level.

What was Taylor's fundamental assumption about workers and their enjoyment of work?

Workers do not enjoy work and require close supervision and control.

How did Taylor suggest managers should organize tasks for efficiency?

Managers should break down tasks into smaller ones.

What payment method did Taylor advocate for workers to increase productivity?

Piece-rate.

Taylor's approach is characterized as what type of management style, and what were its primary organizational outcomes?

An autocratic approach, leading to the start of mass production, increased productivity, and decreased costs.

According to Herzberg, what are the factors that, if absent, can cause dissatisfaction, but do not necessarily motivate when present?

Hygiene factors.

What types of factors did Herzberg suggest were directly related to motivation, growth, and responsibility?

Motivator factors.