All APHG Semester one exam

Functioning region

The area of dominance of a tv show

Situation

Identifies a place by its location that is relative to other objects or places

Geography

Coined by Eratosthenes

Township and range system

Established a gridlike pattern for much of present day land use in the US

Remote sensing

The acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite, spacecraft, or specially equipped high-altitude balloon

Relocation diffusion

The christian religion in South Africa first spread by

Environmental determinism

The primary assumption is that the physical environment controls human culture

Dot density map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area

Choropleth map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area

City map

The type of map that would have the largest scale

Temperate regions

According to environmental determinism, these areas would have the most productive settlements

Expansion diffusion

Forms include contagious and hierarchical

Cartogram

A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison

Formal region

Regions that make up the political geographic divisions within a country

Cartography

The art and science of making maps

Toponym

The name of a location on Earth's surface

Spatial distribution

The arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth's surface

Acculturation

The term for the process of change that occurs after two cultures come in contact, where changes may be experienced by the interacting culture groups, but remain two distinct cultures

Density

The frequency of something within a given unit of area

Hierarchical diffusion

Economic development through international trade is an example of this type of diffusion

Possibilism

The viewpoint of human-environment interaction that reflects the ability to adjust to a wide variety of physical environments

Longitude

Another name for meridian

Small scale maps

Distortion is especially severe and apparent on these types of maps

Coordinates 150 E longitude, 89 N latitude

Are near the international date line and the north pole

Projection

A mathematical process for transferring locations from a globe to a flat map

Projection

A mathematical process for transferring locations from a globe to a flat map.

International Date Line

Measured approximately from 0 degrees longitude.

Hearth

A region which a phenomenon originates.

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Greenwich Mean Time

Measured from 0 degrees longitude.

Distance decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with distance.

Scale

The relationship between the length of an object on a map and that feature of that landscape.

Functional region

A region that reflects a gradual change of language, such as Spanish being increasingly spoken in addition to English.

Vernacular region

The area of dominance of a certain religion or philosophy.

Cultural diffusion

The study of how humans and the environment interact.

Geography

The study of where things are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for their locations.

Place

A specific point on the Earth, distinguished by particular characteristics.

Region

An area on the Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics.

Space

Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.

Connection

Refers to the relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Map

A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface.

Cartography

The science of map making.

Geographic information science

The analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies.

Geographic information system

Captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data.

Photogrammetry

The science of taking measurement of Earth's surface from photographs.

Global Positioning System

Determines the precise position of something on Earth.

Geotagging

The way pictures and videos taken on electronic devices are recorded.

Mashup

A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.

Ratio

Shows the numerical relationship between distances on the map and the Earth's surface.

Written scale

The relationship between map and Earth's distances in words.

Graphic scale

One bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface.

Meridian

An arc connecting the North and South poles.

Parallel

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

Isoline Map

Connects with lines all the places that have particular values.

Dot Distribution Map

Depicts data as dots.

Choropleth Map

A map where recognizable areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.

Cartogram

A map in which the size of the country is proportional to the value of a particular variable.

Aristotle

Who was the first to demonstrate that Earth was spherical on the basis of evidence.

Eratosthenes

The inventor of the word 'geography,' who accepted that Earth was round, calculated its circumference within 0.5 percent accuracy.

Pei Xiu

the "father of Chinese cartography," who produced an elaborate map of the country in 267C.E.

Muhammed al-Idrisi

an Arab geographer whose expensive travels through Southwest Asia and North America informed his creation of a world map and geography text.

Ibn Battuta

a Moroccan scholar who wrote Rihla based on three decades of journeys covering more than 12000 kilometers through Northern Africa, southern Europe, and much of Asia.

Toponym

the name a place is given on Earth.

Board of Geographical Names

operated by the US geological survey, their job is to survey and be the final arbiter of names on US maps.

Site

is how you describe the location of a place.

Absolute Location

describes the position of a place in a way that never changes. Exact and precise. Address and latitude and longitude.

Cultural landscape

a combination of cultural features such as language and region.

Formal Region/uniform Region

is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. Based on data.

Functional Region/Nodal Region

an area organized around a node or focal point.

Vernacular Region/Perceptual Region

is an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Culture

which is the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social form that together constitutes.

Spatial Association

is observed within a region of the distribution of another feature.

Relative location

spatial interaction connection, contacts, movement, and flow of things between places.

SADD

Shape Area Distance, and Direction.

Mercator Map (1569)

Purpose was to help show navigation and detail the places that aren't traveled to.

Peters Equal Area Map

Area of land masses are accurate. Repositions many countries to their rightful place. The map is squished on the map and inaccurate near the poles.

Robinson Map

One of the normal types of maps, is in the shape of a cylinder with corners at the top and a little distorted but mostly accurate.

Patterns

The geometric arrangement of objects in space.

Concentration

the extent of a feature spread over space.

Poststructuralist Geography

examines how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control.

Uneven development

the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy.

Humanistic Geography

emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

Behavioral Geography

emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.

Hierarchical diffusion

is the spread of an idea from persons or nods of authority or power to other persons or places.

Expansion diffusion

the spread of features from one place to another in an additional process.

Contagious diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Stimulus diffusion

is the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails in diffusion.

Space-time compression

to describe the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.

Assimilation

is the process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group.

Acculturation

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups.

Syncretism

the combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.

Arithmetic Density

number of people per square mile

Physiological density

Number of people in food producing land, in other words known as arable land.

Arable Land

Land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural density

Number of farmers in arable land.

Density

How close things are together or far apart

Concentration

the extent of a feature spread over a given area.

Thomas Malthus

Argued that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.

Carrying capacity

the amount of people that a place can support based on population.

National Family Planning Program (specifically in India)

The government is trying to teach, educate, and encourage women and their families that they can have jobs and don't need to have as many kids.