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Civil Rights Movement
Struggle for African-American equality (1945-1961).
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Thurgood Marshall
First African-American Supreme Court Justice.
Executive Order 9981
Desegregated the U.S. military (1948).
Brown v. Board of Education
Landmark case ending school segregation (1954).
Brown II
Supreme Court ruling on school desegregation implementation (1955).
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Protest against bus segregation (1955-1956).
Browder v. Gayle
Court case supporting bus boycott's legality.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Leader advocating nonviolent civil rights strategies.
Southern Manifesto
Document opposing desegregation in public schools (1956).
Massive Resistance
Southern strategy to resist desegregation efforts.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Civil rights organization founded by MLK (1957).
Little Rock Central High School
Site of school desegregation crisis (1957).
Aaron v. Cooper
Supreme Court case enforcing school desegregation.
Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960
Legislation aimed at protecting African-American voting rights.
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, youth-led civil rights group.
De jure segregation
Segregation enforced by law.
De facto segregation
Segregation occurring by circumstance or social norms.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States (1865).
14th Amendment
Established citizenship and equal protection under law (1868).
15th Amendment
Prohibited voting discrimination based on race (1870).
Sit-Ins
Nonviolent protests at segregated establishments.
Legalist Strategy
Approach using courts to challenge segregation.
15th Amendment
Ratified in 1870, grants voting rights to all citizens.
Section 1 of 15th Amendment
Voting rights cannot be denied based on race.
Section 2 of 15th Amendment
Congress can enforce voting rights through legislation.
14th Amendment
Ratified in 1868, protects former slaves' rights.
Incorporation
Applying federal Bill of Rights to states.
Due Process Clause
Ensures fair treatment under the law.
Equal Protection Clause
Guarantees equal protection under the law.
Slaughterhouse Cases (1875)
Supreme Court ruled against automatic incorporation.
Federal Courts' Role
Involved in state cases for protected rights.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Struck down school segregation via equal protection.
Jim Crow Era
Period of legalized racial segregation post-Civil War.
Separate but Equal
Legal doctrine justifying racial segregation.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Established 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Disfranchisement
Denial of voting rights, especially to African Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations.
Louisiana Segregation Law (1890)
Mandated separate railroad cars for blacks.
Federal Intervention
Federal action against state discrimination.
Judicial Interpretation
Court's role in interpreting constitutional provisions.
Public Spaces Segregation
Legal separation of races in public areas.
Cult of Whiteness
Societal belief reinforcing white supremacy.
Systematic Codification
Legal establishment of racial segregation laws.
Legalized Segregation
Laws enforcing racial separation in society.
Voting Rights Enforcement
Congress's power to protect voting rights.
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court case affirming 'separate but equal'.
Homer Plessy
Light-skinned African American who challenged segregation.
Separate but Equal
Legal doctrine asserting equal facilities for races.
Thurgood Marshall
Key NAACP lawyer and civil rights leader.
Sweatt v. Painter
Case challenging segregation in Texas law schools.
McLaurin v. Oklahoma Regents
Case addressing segregation in Oklahoma education.
Intangible Benefits
Non-physical advantages of integrated education.
Howard University Law School
Institution pivotal in training civil rights lawyers.
Civil Rights Movement
Social movement advocating for racial equality.
Charles Hamilton Houston
Mentor of Thurgood Marshall and NAACP leader.
Legal Defense Fund
NAACP's fund for civil rights legal battles.
Extracurricular Activities
Non-academic programs enhancing student experience.
Reputation in Education
Perception affecting future employment opportunities.
Minority Opinion
Dissenting opinion in a court ruling.
Constitutional Challenge
Legal argument against a law's constitutionality.
Civil Rights Attorneys
Lawyers focused on racial equality cases.
Segregated School Systems
Educational institutions separated by race.
Legal Strategy
Planned approach to challenge segregation legally.
Direct Attack on Plessy
NAACP's strategy to undermine 'separate but equal'.
Physical Facilities
Tangible aspects of educational institutions.
Professional Contacts
Networking opportunities for career advancement.
Discourse Access
Ability to participate in academic discussions.
Sweatt v. Painter
Supreme Court case challenging educational segregation.
McLaurin v. Oklahoma
Case reinforcing equal educational opportunities for blacks.
Chief Justice Fred Vinson
Wrote opinions in landmark segregation cases.
NAACP Legal Defense Fund
Organized legal challenges against segregation in education.
Stare decisis
Legal principle that establishes law through precedent.
Thurgood Marshall
Key NAACP leader advocating for civil rights.
To Secure These Rights
Truman's report advocating for civil rights reforms.
Jim Crow
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.
Civil Rights Initiatives
Efforts to promote equality and justice for all.
Groundbreaking cases
Legal victories dismantling segregation in education.
Racial integration
Combining racially segregated groups into one.
Legal precedents
Judicial decisions that influence future cases.
Physical aspects of education
Tangible resources like facilities and materials.
Intangibles in education
Non-physical factors like reputation and culture.
Civil Rights Movement
Struggle for social justice and equality.
Segregation
Separation of people based on race or ethnicity.
Federal government's agenda
National priorities addressing civil rights issues.
Elimination of segregation
Aiming to end racial separation in society.
Congratulatory letters
Messages of support for legal achievements.
Blueprint for equality
Plan for achieving civil rights and justice.
Four basic rights
Essential rights identified by Truman's committee.
Right to Safety and Security
Fundamental right ensuring personal safety.
Right to Citizenship
Entitlement to legal status and privileges.
Right to Equality of Opportunity
Advocates equal access to opportunities for all.
To Secure These Rights
1947 report promoting civil rights reforms.
Anti-Lynching Legislation
Laws aimed at preventing racially motivated lynchings.
Abolition of Poll Tax
Elimination of tax required for voting access.
Voting Rights Statutes
Laws ensuring fair voting practices and access.
Fair Employment Practices Committee
Body to address workplace discrimination issues.
Desegregation of Armed Forces
Ending racial segregation in military services.
Civil Rights Division
Justice Department unit focused on civil rights enforcement.
Civil Rights Suits
Legal actions addressing violations of civil rights.
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