BIOL 2110 Final Summary Quizzes

What are infectious protein particles called?

Prions

What are infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants called?

Viroids

What are key characteristics of HIV?

Attacks the immune system, stage 2 is AIDS, no widely effective cure

Which virus can cause paralysis and may require the use of an iron lung?

Polio virus

Hepatitis D is classified as a _____?

Satellite virus

HPV is known to cause which type of cancer?

Cervical cancer

Which is an animal prion disease?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

What is PrEP and what is it used for?

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; used to prevent HIV infection

Why are the Berlin, London, and Düsseldorf patients significant in HIV research?

They represent possible HIV cures through bone marrow transplantation

Which stage of HIV infection shows flu-like symptoms shortly after exposure?

Acute HIV infection

What virus is the predominant cause of the common cold?

Rhinovirus

What percentage of cervical cancer is caused by HPV, with HPV16 & 18 responsible for most cases?

70%

What painful rash is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus in adults?

Shingles

Which virus causes hydrophobia (fear of water) and insomnia?

Rabies lyssavirus

Which vaccine protects against Ebola virus?

Ervebo

What illnesses are common human coronaviruses responsible for?

Upper respiratory tract and intestinal illnesses

Which body system does the rabies virus primarily affect?

Central nervous system

Evidence of herpes simplex virus is increasingly found in the brains of patients with which disease?

Alzheimer's disease

Chronic wasting disease can jump from deer/elk/moose to cattle. True or False?

False

What are prions made of?

Protein

Which virus has been eradicated from the world through vaccination?

Smallpox

Are Ebola antibodies protective for upwards of 50 years after recovery?

False

The influenza vaccine in the U.S. is a ______________ vaccine.

Quadrivalent

How is Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) primarily transmitted?

Airborne respiratory droplets

Which virus is NOT one of the five main Herpesviridae viruses of human health concern?

Human Papillomavirus

A patient with genital warts likely has which viral infection?

HPV

A patient with nasal congestion, sneezing, and mild cough most likely has which virus?

Rhinovirus

Host cells of viruses include which organisms?

Bacteria, protozoa, algae, plants, fungi, humans, and other animals (All of the above)

Virus capsids are made from subunits called?

Capsomeres

Helical and icosahedral describe the shape of what virus structure?

Capsid

A naked virus contains only a(n) _____?

Nucleocapsid

Which structure is not associated with every virus?

Envelope

Viral host range is limited by what?

Type of host cell receptors on the cell membrane

Viruses capable of starting tumors are called?

Oncoviruses

Prophages do NOT cause _____?

Lysis of host cells

T-even phages ____________.

Infect E. coli cells

Which event occurs in bacteriophage multiplication but not in animal virus replication?

Viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

Which type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage?

Temperate

When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called _____?

Lysogenic conversion

Progressive hypothesis of virus origin states?

Mobile genetic elements gained the ability to exit one cell and enter another

Regressive hypothesis of virus origin states?

Existing viruses evolved from complex organisms that lost genetic info

Virus First hypothesis states?

Viruses existed as self-replicating units before cells

True or False: Viruses shape the evolution of cells, tissues, bacteria, plants, and animals.

True

True or False: A virus may contain DNA, RNA, or both at the same time.

False

An envelope virus can bud from which of the following?

Cell membrane, nuclear envelope, ER (Not ribosomes)

Order the phases of animal viral replication.

1. Adsorption → 2. Penetration → 3. Uncoating → 4. Synthesis → 5. Assembly → 6. Release

Penetration by engulfing a virus in a vesicle is called?

Endocytosis

Which virus type enters the host nucleus for replication and assembly?

DNA viruses

A pathogen that cannot synthesize ATP, lacks ribosomes, contains RNA, and multiplies in host cells is classified as?

Virus

Loss of infectivity when a virus dries is likely due to what structural feature?

Envelope acquired from host membrane

A new viral strain emerges after mutations in genes encoding spike proteins. What is the likely consequence?

Loss or change of ability to attach to host cells

A virus infects liver cells but not neurons. What concept explains this?

Tissue tropism

Viral assembly occurring in the cytoplasm is most consistent with which virus type?

RNA virus

A bacterial strain gains the ability to make a toxin after infection by a temperate phage. What process occurred?

Lysogenic conversion

A bacteriophage injects DNA but does not immediately kill the host. Which cycle is active?

Lysogenic

Why is a vaccine unlikely to help against a virus with more than 160 known serotypes?

Too many serotypes prevent broad immunity

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is ineffective if started 72 hours after flu symptoms. Why?

Neuraminidase inhibitors are only effective within 48 hours of symptom onset

Why do herpesvirus infections recur, such as cold sores triggered by stress or sunlight?

They establish lifelong latent infections

Why does shingles rash appear in a band along one nerve pathway?

VZV reactivation occurs in sensory nerves serving specific dermatomes

A patient with HIV receives a stem cell transplant from a CCR5Δ32 donor and shows no detectable HIV. Why is this significant?

The CCR5Δ32 mutation eliminates the primary HIV entry receptor, preventing infection

What type of bond forms when one atom donates electrons and another accepts them?

Ionic bond

What determines whether a solution is acidic or basic?

The concentration of H⁺ ions in the solution

Which microscopy has stronger resolution and magnification?

Electron microscopy

When approximately did cellular life appear on Earth?

~3.8 billion years ago

What type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share electrons unequally?

Polar covalent

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutral

What type of culture arises due to poor aseptic technique?

Contaminated

If you increase the pH of a solution from 5 to 6, by what factor do hydrogen ions change?

10

Who described logical steps to establish if an organism is pathogenic?

Koch

What is the assignment of scientific names to taxonomic categories and individual organisms called?

Nomenclature

Which is the larger taxonomic category, order or class?

Class

Is it true or false that water is unable to moderate temperature?

False

If the composition of a media is precisely chemically defined, what is it considered?

Synthetic

What type of media allows multiple organisms to grow but displays visible differences in growth?

Differential

In which microscope does visible light pass through a specimen and glass lenses?

Light microscope

What type of dye is used for creating a negative simple stain?

Acidic dye

What is the ancestor from which all cellular life arose called?

LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)

What is the first evidence for microbial life?

Stromatolites

Are dogs classified as eukaryotes?

True

Which element is the most electronegative?

Fluorine (F)

What is methane (CH₄) classified as?

Molecule and compound

What are microbes that inhabit extreme environments called?

Extremophiles

Which organisms caused the 'Great Oxygenation Event'?

Cyanobacteria

What is the concept that life arises from non-living matter naturally?

Abiogenesis

In which domains can microorganisms be found?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Who described 'wee animalcules'?

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Who refuted the theory of spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur

What is it called when bacteria grow on medical devices, forming a protective community resistant to treatment?

Biofilm

Given only a mass number, what can you deduce in an atom?

Number of protons + neutrons

What are the mass number and atomic number of a nitrogen atom with 7 protons and 8 neutrons?

Mass number = 15, Atomic number = 7

How many unpaired electrons does an atom with 6 electrons in its outer shell have?

2

How many more electrons does sulfur need to complete its valence shell?

2

When is a covalent bond likely polar?

One atom is much more electronegative than the other

What forms an ionic bond?

Transfer of an electron from one atom to another

How many OH⁻ ions does a solution with pH 4 have compared to a solution with pH 6?

100x fewer

How many more H⁺ ions does 1 L of a solution with pH 4 have than 1 L of solution with pH 9?

100,000 times more

What does bacterial growth refer to?

An increase in the number of cells

What are bacteria that grow in humans and cause disease classified as?

Mesophiles