psychia_psychobiologic bases of behavior

1. neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2. concepts and patterns of human behavior

3. concepts of human behavior

4. global and regional perspective on mental health

bases of behavior

1. CNS

2. neurons

3. neurotransmitters

4. memory and repetitions

neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

1. cerebrum

2. cerebellum

3. brain stem

4. limbic system

4 major parts of the brain in psych

cerebrum

• divided into 2 hemispheres

• all lobes are found in both sides except for the pineal body or gland

Cerebrum

• The largest part of the brain

• Responsible for thinking, memory, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement

• Divided into two hemispheres (left and right)

• This is where conscious thought and personality come from

1. pineal body

2. corpus collusum

3. left hemisphere

4. right hemisphere

cerebrum sub parts

pineal body

endocrine gland that influence the activities of pituitary gland, islet of langerhans, parathyroid, adrenals and gonads

corpus collusum

pathway connecting the hemispheres and coordinating functions

left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body and center for logical reasoning and ananlytic functions

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body and center for creative thinking, intuition, and artistic ability

1. frontal lobe

2. parietal

3. temporal

4. occipital

4 lobes of cerebral hemisphere

frontal lobe

• organization of thoughts, body movements, memories, emotions and moral behaviors

• regulates arousal, focuses attention and problem solving

schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia

frontal lobe abnormalities

parietal lobe

• sensations of taste, touch and assist in spatial orientations

spatial orientations

• helps you know where you are, which way you’re facing, and how to move without getting lost.

temporal lobe

• smell and hearing, memory, emotional expressions

occipital lobe

• coordinating language generation and visula interpretation such as depth perception

cerebellum

• mini brain

• below the cerebrum

• coordination of movements and postural adjustments

• receives and integrates info from all areas of the body

Cerebellum

• Responsible for balance, coordination, posture, and fine motor control

• Helps make movements smooth and accurate

• Important for muscle memory and motor learning

brainstem

• midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and nuclei for CN III thru CN XIII

• helps regulate vital body functions that u don't have to think about

Brainstem

• Connects the brain to the spinal cord

• Controls basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

• Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

“MPM = Mader Pader Me”
M – Midbrain
P – Pons
M – Medulla

Three parts of the brainstem

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

• connects pons and cerebellum with cerebrum

• includes most of reticular activating system

Midbrain

– controls eye movement, hearing, and visual reflexes

Pons

– helps with sleep, breathing, and facial movements

Medulla oblongata

– controls vital functions like breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

pons

• above medulla and front of cerebrum

• bridges gap, serving primary motor pathway

medulla oblongata

• top of spinal cord

• vital centers for respiration and cardiovascular functions

limbic system

• group of brain structures that control emotions, memory, behavior, and motivation.

limbic system 2

located above the brain stem

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

parts of limbic system

thalamus

regulates activity, sensation and emotions

hypothalamus

• controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormones

hippocampus

• long and short term memory and spatial memory

• memory formation and learning

amygdala

• emotions (fear, anger, pleasure)

• links emotions to many other brain activities

neurons

• cells used in transmitting info throughout the body

• processing units for brain…

• central building blocks of the nervous system

neurotransmitters

• signaling neurons to affect another cell

• chemical messengers

• transmission of info to body

major neurotransmitters

1. dopamine

2. noreponephrine

3. epinephrine

4. serotonin

5. histamine

6. acetylcholine

7. neuropeptides

8. glutamate

9. gamma-aminobutyric acid

MOA: Excitatory

Functions:

• Controls complex movement

• Motivation

• Cognition (thinking)

• Regulates emotional response

dopamine

MOA: Excitatory

Functions:

• Attention and alertness

• Learning and memory

• Sleep and wakefulness

• Mood regulation

Norepinephrine

MOA: Excitatory

Functions:

• Controls fight-or-flight response

Epinephrine

MOA: Inhibitory

Functions:

• Controls food intake

• Sleep and wakefulness

• Temperature regulation

• Pain control

• Sexual behavior

• Emotional regulation

Serotonin

MOA: Neuromodulator

Functions:

• Alertness

• Gastric acid secretion

• Cardiac stimulation

• Peripheral allergic responses

Histamine

MOA: Both excitatory & inhibitory

Functions:

• Sleep–wake cycle control

• Signals muscles to become alert / contract

Acetylcholine

MOA: Neuromodulators

Functions:

• Social behavior

• Learning

• Memory

Neuropeptides

MOA: Excitatory

Functions:

• Memory

• Cognition

• Mood regulation

Glutamate

MOA: Inhibitory

Functions:

• Produces a calming effect

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

• Schizophrenia

• Psychosis

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Dopamine

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Panic

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Histamine

• Muscle problems

• Impaired learning

• Memory problems

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Acetylcholine

• Anxiety disorders

• Memory loss

• Social withdrawal

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Norepinephrine

• Depression

• Mania

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

• Brain damage

• Degenerative diseases

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Glutamate

• Sleep disorders

• Anxiety

• Low immunity

Effects of Abnormal Neurotransmitter Production: Epinephrine

memory

• acquiring, storing, retaining and later retrieving info

• preserve and recover info, not flawless process

• dont always last

1. encoding

2. storage

3. retrieval

3 major processes

1. sensory memory

2. short-term memory

3. long-term memory

3 main types

sensory memory

• earliest stage of memory

• stored for a very brief period

• visual: no longer half a second

• auditory: 3-4 sec.

short-term memory

• a.k.a. active memory

• infor we are currently aware or thinking about

• conscious mind

• 2-30 sec.

long-term memory

• continuing storage of info

• preconscious and unconscious (implicit) memory

• lasts hours, days, months, years, decades