ANSC 3133 Exam 3 Study Terms & Definitions for Medicine

What are the physical components of growth and development?

bone, lean fat

What are the chemical components of growth and development?

Water, protein, lipids, ash, carbs, vitamins

What shape is a typical growth curve

sigmoidal

What factors affect animal/carcass growth and composition?

Species, breed, sex, domestication

A mutation to the _____ gene in horses causes a muscle-wasting condition.

MYHM (myosin-heavy chain myopathy)

A mutation to the MYHM gene in horses causes a muscle-wasting condition. What is this condition called?

polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)

Genotype plus environmental factors

Phenotype

The genetic constitution of an organism

Genotype

Changes in an organism caused by modification of gene expression responding to external factors rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

Epigenetics

The part of the gene that encodes protein

Protein coding sequence

At the 5' end of the gene. Does not code protein but determines the gene expression level

Promoter activity

Often located far away from genes. Does not code for protein but regulates promoter activity

Enhancer activity

Epigenetic modification that negatively regulates gene expression

DNA methylation

What causes Histone epigenetic modifications to activate genes?

acetylation and phosphorylation

What causes histone epigenetic factors to repress genes?

Methylation and ubiquitination

The proportion or fraction of phenotypic variation resulting from additive genetic effects

Heritability

What is the equation for heritability?

H²= heritability

Vg = genetic variance

Vp = phenotypic variance

H² = Vg/Vp

List Heritable traits from least to most heritable.

Reproductive, Production/growth, Product

When the performance of the progeny is superior to the average of the parents for a trait

Heterosis (hybrid vigor)

The expected difference in performance of a sire's progeny compared to the performance of another sire's progeny

Expected progeny differences (EPDs)

Pigs carrying this gene are sensitive to halothane anesthesia and stress, leads to pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat

Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)

Gene in lambs that causes increased postnatal myogenic differentiation and fiber hypertrophy

Callipyge

Chemical substance produced in body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or an organ

Hormone

What are the 4 major chemical classes of hormones?

Protein, Steroid, Amino acid derivatives, eicosanoids

_____ activates receptors

Agonist

_____ inactivates receptors

Antagonist

System in which hormones are secreted directly and internally into bloodstream to act on distant targets

Endocrine

System in which hormones are synthesized in cell body of a neuron and stored in axons before secretion into blood stream

Neurocrine

System in which hormone from one cell conveyed by interstitial fluid over short distances to adjacent cell of a different type

Paracrine

System in which hormone from one cell acts on itself or on neighboring cells of the same type

Autocrine

System in which growth factor acts intracellularly

Intracrine

What types of hormone receptors are there?

Cell surface, Intracellular

Growth factor used in prenatal and postnatal growth; regulated by growth hormone

IGF-1

Which IGF is only used prenatally?

2

3 multiple choice options

How does GH affect bone?

increase chondrocyte proliferation and osteoblast activity

How does GH affect Muscle?

increase protein synthase, decrease degredation

How does GH affect adipose?

increase lipolysis, decrease lipogenesis

What is another term for GH

Somatotropin

Hormone that regulates GH

somatostatin

How does GH act indirectly?

through IGF1

What does insulin increase?

glucose, fatty acid, protein storage

Insulin increases glucose, fatty acid, and protein storage to stimulate what processes?

glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

What hormone has the opposite affects of Insulin?

glucagon

Insulin antagonized ____ action.

GH

Hormones derived from tyrosine, stored in adrenal medulla and released when stimulated by nerve fibers

Catecholamines

What is the function of catecholamines?

stress response

What are the types of sex hormones?

Androgens, estrogens, progestins

What is an example of an androgen?

testosterone

"hunger hormone" stimulates GH secretion

Ghrelin

Hormone that suppresses hunegr

Leptin

Hormone secreted in the SI by I cells

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What systems regulate Ca?

PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D

PTH, calcitonin and Vit D regulate Ca by actions on what?

bine, kidneys, intestine

What are the effects of PTH on bone, kidneys, and intestine?

increase bone resorption (sends Ca to blood), stop loss in urine, absorb in intestine

What affect does calcitonin have on bone and kidney?

suppress bone resorption, resorb Ca

Vit D (increases/decreases) blood ca.

Increases

2 multiple choice options

What is the major source of energy for monogastrics?

carbs

What is the main source of energy for ruminants?

VFAs

What are the macro minerals?

Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S

What are the Micro minerals?

Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Se, I, Co, Cr

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B complex and C

What is the order if priority for nutrients?

CNS, vital organs, GI, Bone, Repro, Muscle, Fat

When energy exceeds maintenance energy requirements

positive energy balance

when energy does not meet maintenance energy requirements

Negative energy balance