UNIT 2: THINKING & LEARNING

assess (assessor, assessment, assessable)

(v) to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something

đánh giá, thẩm định

(v) to calculate the amount or value of something

định giá = estimate, reckon

(n/n/adj)

assessment center

(n) an event where people applying for a job are given a number of tests and interviews to find out what their strengths and weaknesses are; the place where this happens

phương pháp / trung tâm đánh giá năng lực

assume (assumption)

(v) to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it

cho rằng, giả định = suppose, presume

(v) to take or begin to have power or responsibility

đảm nhận, nhận lấy (trách nhiệm, chức vụ)

(v) to begin to have a particular quality or appearance

mang, có (diện mạo, tính chất)

(n)

assumed name

(n) a name that somebody uses that is not their real name

tên giả (được sử dụng vì lý do riêng tư, nghề nghiệp, nghệ thuật,…)

assuming

(conjunction) used to suppose that something is true so that you can that take about what the results might be

giả sử rằng

baffle (bafflement)

(v) to confuse or puzzle somebody completely

làm bối rối, làm hoang mang

(v) to be too difficult or strange for somebody to understand or explain

làm cho khó giải thích, khó hiểu

(n)

bias

(v) to unfairly influence somebody’s opinions or decisions

thiên vị, làm thiên lệch = prejudice

biased towards / against

(adj) tending to show favor towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons

thiên vị, thiên lệch

concentrate (concentration)

(v) (+on) to give all your attention to something and not think about anything else

tập trung (sự chú ý)

(v) to bring something together in one place

tập trung lại, tụ họp

(n)

concentrated

(adj) showing that you are determined to do something

tập trung cao độ

(adj) if something exists or happens in a concentrated way, there is a lot of it in one place or at one time

tập trung (về mặt phân bố)

concentration camp

(n) a type of prison, often consisting of a number of buildings inside a fence, where political prisoners, etc. are kept in extremely bad conditions

trại tập trung

considerable

(adj) great in amount, size, importance, etc.

đáng kể

contemplate (contemplation, contemplative)

(v) to think about whether you should do something or how you should do something

cân nhắc (mang tính lâu dài) = consider, ponder, reckon

(v) to think deeply and carefully about something

suy ngẫm, chiêm nghiệm

(n/adj)

cynical (cynic, cynicism)

(adj) (+about) believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good honest reasons

hoài nghi = dubious, skeptical

(n/n)

deduce (deductive, deductible, deduction)

(v) to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available

suy luận, rút ra kết luận

(adj/adj/n)

deductive reasoning

(n) a type of logical thinking in which a specific conclusion is drawn from general principles or premises

lập luận diễn dịch

deliberate (deliberative, deliberation)

(v) (+on/over) to consider something very carefully, usually before making a decision

cân nhắc kỹ, bàn bạc, suy xét

(adj/n)

deliberate (deliberately)

(adj) done on purpose rather than by accident

cố ý, có chủ đích

(adv)

discriminate (discrimination, discriminatory)

(v) (+against) to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way

phân biệt đối xử

(v) to recognize that there is a difference between people or things

phân biệt, nhận biết sự khác nhau

(n/adj)

dubious

(adj) (+about) not certain about something and suspecting that something may be wrong

hoài nghi, nghi ngờ = skeptical, cynical

(adj) that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good

đáng ngờ, khó có kết quả tốt

estimate (estimation)

(v) to form an idea of the cost, size, value, etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly

ước lượng, ước tính = assume, reckon

(n) a judgement that you make without having the exact details or figures about the size, amount, cost, etc. of something

bản ước tính, con số ước lượng

(n)

faith

(n) (+in) trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge; trust that somebody/something will do what has been promised

sự tin tưởng, niềm tin

(n) strong religious belief

đức tin, tôn giáo

faithful (faithfulness)

(adj) staying with or supporting a particular person, organization or belief

trung thành

(n)

put / place faith in, blind faith, good faith, bad faith

collocations with “faith":

• đặt niềm tin vào

• niềm tin mù quáng

• thiện chí

• ác ý

gather (gathering, gatherer)

(v) to come together or bring people together, in one place to form a group

tụ họp, tập trung

(v) to collect information from different sources

thu thập (thông tin, dữ liệu)

(v) to bring things together that have been spread around

gom lại

(v) to pick or and collect crops to be stored

thu hoạch, hái

(n) cuộc tụ họp; (n) người sưu tầm, thu thập

genius

(n) (+for) a special skill or ability

tài năng, năng khiếu đặc biệt

(n) a person who is unusually intelligence or artistic, or who has a very high level of skill, especially in one area

thiên tài, thần đồng

grasp

(v) (+at) to take a strong hold of somebody/something

nắm chặt

(v) to understand something completely

nắm rõ, hiểu rõ

(v) (+a chance / an opportunity) to take an opportunity without hesitating and use it

nắm bắt (cơ hội)

guesswork

(n) the process of trying to find an answer by guessing when you do not have enough information to be sure

sự đoán mò, phỏng đoán

hunch

(n) a feeling that something is true even though you do not have any evidence to prove it

linh cảm, cảm giác mơ hồ = intuition

ideology (ideological, ideologue)

(n) a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on

hệ tư tưởng, ý thức hệ

(adj, n)

ingenious (ingenuity)

(adj) very suitable for a particular purpose and resulting from clever new ideas

sáng tạo, thông minh

(adj) having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things

khéo léo

(n)

inspiration (inspire, inspirational, inspiring)

(n) someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something

nguồn cảm hứng

(n) a sudden good idea

ý tưởng bùng nổ, sự khơi gợi sáng tạo

(v, adj, adj - đầy cảm hứng)

draw inspiration from something

lấy cảm hứng từ

intuition (intuitive)

(n) the ability to know something by using your feelings rather than considering the facts

trực giác, linh cảm = hunch

(adj)

justify (justification, justifiable, justified)

(v) to show that somebody/something is right or reasonable

biện minh, chứng minh là hợp lý, chính đáng

(n, adj, adj)

justifiable homicide

(n) a killing that is not a criminal act, for example because you were trying to defend yourself

giết người có lý do chính đáng

naive (naivety)

(adj) not showing enough knowledge, good judgement or experience of life; too willing to believe that people always tell you the truth

ngây thơ, non nớt, cả tin

(adj) in a style which is deliberately very simple, often uses bright colors and is similar to that produced by a child

đơn giản, mộc mạc

(n)

notion

(n) an idea, a belief or an understanding of something

quan niệm, khái niệm

paradox (paradoxical)

(n) a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics

nghịch lý, mâu thuẫn

(adj)

plausible (plausibility)

(adj) reasonable and likely to be true

có vẻ hợp lý, có vẻ đúng

(n)

ponder (pondering)

(v) to think about something carefully for a period of time

suy ngẫm, cân nhắc kỹ lưỡng = consider, contemplate, reckon

(n)

prejudiced (prejudice)

(adj) having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for somebody/something, especially based on their race, religion, sex, etc.

có định kiến, thiên lệch, thành kiến = biased

(n/v)

presume (presumption, presumptive)

(v) (=assume) to suppose that something is true, although you do not have actual proof

cho rằng, giả định = assume, suppose

(v) to behave in a way that shows a lack of respect by doing something that you have no right to do

tự tiện

(n, adj)

query

(n) a question, especially one asking for information or expressing a doubt about something

câu hỏi, thắc mắc

(v) to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true or correct

đặt câu hỏi, nghi vấn, chất vấn

reckon

(v - informal) to think something or have opinion about something

nghĩ rằng

(v) to calculate an amount, a number, etc.

tính toán, ước tính = estimate, assess

(v) to be generally considered to be something

cho là, đánh giá

reckon on, reckon up, reckon with

collocations with “reckon”:

• trông cậy vào, mong đợi = rely on

• tính toán, cộng lại, tổng kết

• tính đến, lường trước, đối mặt với

reflect (reflection, reflective)

(v) to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody’s attitude or feeling

phản ánh, thể hiện

(v) (+on/upon) to think carefully and deeply about something

suy ngẫm, nghĩ lại

(n, adj)

reflect (reflectivity, reflector, reflection, reflectance, reflective)

(v) to show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a mirror, water, or glass

phản chiếu

(v) to throw back light, heat, sound, etc. from a surface

phản xạ

(n) - tính phản xạ (tính chất vật lý)

(n) vật phản chiếu

(n) sự phản xạ, hình ảnh phản chiếu

(n) độ phản xạ (giá trị đo)

(adj) có khả năng phải chiếu, phản xạ

skeptical (skeptic, skepticism)

(adj) (+about/of) having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen

hoài nghi, nghi ngờ = cynical, dubious

(n - chỉ người, n)

speculate (speculation, speculative, speculator)

(v) (+about/on/as to) to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts

phỏng đoán, suy đoán

(v) (+in/on) to buy goods, property, shares, etc., hoping to make a profit when you sell them, but with the risk of losing money

đầu cơ, đầu tư rủi ro để kiếm lời

(n, adj, n - nhà đầu cơ)

suppose (supposed, supposition)

(v) to think or believe that something is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you have)

giả sử, cho rằng, nghĩ rằng = assume, presume

(v) used to make a statement, request or suggestion less direct or less strong

yêu cầu, mong đợi

(v) to imagine what would happen if something were true

giả sử, tưởng tượng

(adj, n)