chapter digestive, nutrition and metabolism final review

what monomers make up each macromolecule (polymer)

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

know what we use for fuel to make ATP and how fuel is stored in the human body (temporary & long term)

• carbohydrates short term fuel source to make ATP

• lipids long term fuel source to make ATP

know what is responsible for peristalsis and all the organs where peristalsis occurs in the alimentary canal

• peristalsis is responsible for muscle contraction to create a squeeze motion made of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa

• peristalsis happens in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and rectum

know the layers of the alimentary canal and their function

• mucosa secretes mucus to lubricate and reduce friction and protect underlying tissue

• submucosa houses blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

• muscularis externa is the muscle contraction

• serosa later anchor alimentary canal in place and prevent overstretch

know the specialized cells of gastric pits and what substance they produce

• enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones that influence digestion

• parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI)

• chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen that gets activated by HCI known as pepsin to breakdown protein

• mucous neck cells secrete mucous to protect stomach lining from acid

know the function of bile, where it is made, where it is stored

• function of bile is to emulsify lipid globules

• liver creates bile

• gallbladder store bile

know the mechanical and chemical digestion in each part of the digestive system

• oral cavity: chemical digestion is saliva and mechanical digestion is teeth, palate, and tongue

• stomach mechanical digestion is responsible for churning (motion that pummels food across rugae) & peristalsis (squeezing motion)

• stomach chemical digestion is responsible for pepsin to break down proteins

• small intestine mechanical digestion is responsible for peristalsis & segmentation

Know the primary functions of the organs of the digestive system 

• Oral cavity: digest mechanically by breaking down food through chewing and chemically

• Stomach: first opportunity for protein digestion 

• Large intestine (colon): absorption of water 

• Small intestine: absorption of nutrients 

• Duodenum: modify the acidic chyme coming into the stomach

• Ileum & jejunum: is the absorption of nutrients 

• Pancreas: release bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize the pH acid chyme (pepsin is denatured) 

• Liver: creates bile

• Gallbladder: store bile

Know the role of villi and microvilli and where they are found

The function of villi and microvilli work together to increase the surface area for maximum efficiently of absorption in the small intestine 

Know where cholesterol is processed

liver

Know the function of microbiota in the gut 

• Metabolize the breakdown of soluble and insoluble fiber to receive good nutrients 

• Produce vitamins 

• Deter growth of harmful bacteria, good bacteria take space and keep away from sickness

Know the major enzymes of the digestive system and what they break down 

• Lipase is responsible for the chemical digestion of individual lipid molecules 

• Amylase breaks down starches/polysaccharides 

• Pepsin break down proteins in the stomach 

• Trypsin break down protein in the small intestine 

Know the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on the rate of digestion 

• Parasympathetic: stimulates digestion 

• Sympathetic: inhibit digestion

Know the primary function of cellular respiration

• To produce ATP for cells 

• Made in citric acid, krebs cycle