Week 3 - 16 anaesthetic agents properties

What are the 4 categories of drugs?

• Opioid analgesics

• Sedatives and tranquillisers

• Dissociative and induction agents

• Adjuncts and reversal agents

• NSAIDs and other analgesics

Name the 4 drugs under the opioid analgesic group

• Butorphanol

• Methadone

• Fentanyl

• Buprenorphine

Name the 3 drugs under the sedatives and tranquillisers group

• Acepromazine (ACP)

• Dexmedetomidine And Medetomidine

• Xylazine/Detomidine/Romifidine

What are the 3 dissociative and induction agents?

Ketamine, propofol, alfaxalone

What are the 3 adjuncts and reversal agents?

• Diazepam/Midazolam

• Atropine/Glycopyrrolate

• Atipamezole

What are the 3 NSAIDs and other analgesics

• Meloxicam

• Phenylbutazaone

• Flunixin Meglumine

What reveres

What is a μ-agonist?

An Mu agonist is a substance that activate Mu receptors to target pain relief

What’s reverses partial opioids?

Partial/difficult (competitive)

What reverses alpha-2-agonists?

Atipamezole

What reverses benzodiazepines

Flumazenil

What can’t be reversed?

ACP, Propofol, Alfaxalone, ketamine, NSAIDs, Anticholinergics

What class is butorphanol?

Mixed opioid ~ kappa-agonist and mu-agonist

What species can butorphanol be used in?

dog, cat, horse

What routes can butorphanol be administered via?

IM, IV, SC

What’s the duration of butorphanol?

1-4hrs

What’s the reversibility of butorphanol?

Partial as naloxone can only reverse the mu-effects only

What effects does butorphanol have?

Mild analgesia/sedation and minimal respiratory depression

What class is methadone?

Full mu-agonist

What species can have methadone?

Dog and cat

What routes can methadone be administered via?

IM, IV, SC

What’s the duration of methadone?

4-6 hrs

What’s the reversibility of methadone?

Nalaxone

What are the effects of methadone?

• Excellent analgesia for moderate to severe pain

• Minimal emesis

• Can cause sensitivity and GI signs

• Dysmorphia in non-painful patients

What class is fentanyl?

Full mu-agonist

What species can have fentanyl?

Dog and cat

What route can fentanyl be administered?

• IV bolus

• CRI

• Transdermal patch

What is the duration of fentanyl?

• IV - 20-30 minutes

• Patch - 48-72hrs

What is the reversibility of fentanyl?

Naloxone

What are the effects of fentanyl?

• Potent: monitor for resp depression

• Patches have delayed onset of 3-6hrs

• Causes hypothermia and noise sensitivity

What class is buprenorphine?

Partial mu-agonist

What species can have buprenorphine?

Dog, cat, horse

What route can buprenorphine be administered?

IM, IV, transmucosal (cats only)

What’s the duration of buprenorphine?

6-8hrs, up to 12 in cats

What is the reversibility of buprenorphine?

Difficult/partial with Naloxone due to high receptor affinity

What are the effects of buprenorphine?

• Long lasting

• Mild sedation

• Good post-op analgesic

• Minimal adverse effects

What class if acepromazine?

Phenothiazine tranquilliser

What species can have acepromazine

Dog, cats, horses (NOT STALLIONS)

What routes can acepromazine be administered?

IM, IV slow, SC

What’s the duration of acepromazine?

4-8 hours

What’s the reversibility of acepromazine?

None

What effects does acepromazine have?

• Vasodilation = hypotension

• Not suitable for CV unstable patients

• Paraphimosis in stallions

What class if dexmedetomidine/medetomedine?

Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist

What species can have dexmedetomidine/medetomidine?

Dog and cat

What’s the duration of dexmedetomidine/medetomidine?

30-90 minutes

What’s the reversibility of dexmedetomidine/medetomidine?

Atipamezole

What are the effects of dexmedetomidine/medetomidine?

• Sedation + analgesia

• Causes bradycardia and reduced cardiac output

• Not suitable for CV unstable patients

What class is Romifidine?

Alpha-2- adrenergic agonists