AP HUG Chapter 2 Vocab

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land

Antinatalist

Government policy that supports lower birth rates

Arable Land

Land suited for agriculture

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Carrying Capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources

Census

A complete enumeration of a population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and a low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

Epidemiologic transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

Maternal Mortality Rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

Medical revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population within a year, computed as the the crude birth rate minus the crude Death rate

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Pandemic

An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Potential Support Ratio

The number of working-age people divided by the number of persons 65 and older

Pronatalist Policy

Government policy that supports higher birth rates

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years

Zero population Growth

A decline of the total Fertility Rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

Large-scale map

A map with a relatively small ratio between its map and ground units, usually with higher resolution and covering a smaller region, such as one inch measured on a map that equals one mile on the ground

Small-scale map

A map with a relatively large ratio between its map and ground units, usually lower resolution and covering a larger region, such as one inch on a map equals 20 miles on the ground

Population

The number of people living an area

Density

The measure of some type of mass per unit of area

Urban

A type of location with high population density and many human-built features compared with the surrounding area

Rural

All population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area, typically with very low population density

Urban sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

Urbanization

The act of taking on the general characteristics of a city

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries

Emigration

Migration from a location

Family-based Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because of relatives previously migrated there

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends

Forced Migration

Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors

Guest Worker

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher- paying job

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across a border

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Migration

A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

Migration Transition

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Mobility

All types of movements between locations

Net Migration

The difference between level of immigration and the level of emmigration

Pull Factor

A factor that induces people to move to a new location

Push factor

A factor that induces people to leave an old location

Quota

In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Remittance

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Step Migration

Migration that follows a path of stages or steps toward a final destination

Unauthorized immigrant

A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so

Voluntary migration

Permenant movement undertaken by choice