chapter 1 AICE international History

Industrial Revolution influenced by who and what

19th century

Adam Smith, economist, book called Wealth of Nations

Industrialization and Mechanisation which said that a nation should be judged on how much it can produce

Industrial Revolution

19th century

Adam Smith, economist, book called Wealth of Nations

Industrialization and Mechanisation which said that a nation should be judged on how much it can produce

Britain became what during the Industrial Revolution

Workshop of the world

Developed steam powered machinery and railroads

developed new methods of making steel and iron

Naval Defense Act of 1889 was created because of what

Other nations started to industrialize, particularly France and Russia.

Britain also saw that since their empire was so vast they needed to fortify their navy

Britain is an island nation and so the public feared vulnerability in the sea. Politicians in Britain made the Defense Act to reassure their safety.

Naval Defense Act of 1889 stated what

2 power standard

British navy will be 2 x as powerful as the next two navies combined

Long depression lasted how long and was caused by what

2 decades

Caused by overproduction of goods from Industrial Revolution, resulting in products losing value and people being put out of jobs.

Long Depression caused European powers to look where

European governments looked to bring their economies back up by finding more raw materials elsewhere. Particularly Africa and Asia

How did Nationalism fuel imperialism

French had a high sense of nationalism and revenge due to their defeat by Germany in Franco Prussia, the second invasion Germany attempted on France in the last 50 years (1850-1900)

Germany was a newly united nation and wanted to establish their “place in the sun”

Britain boasted about the size of its navy and its power

Suez canal purpose

Britain wanted a shorter route to trade with India. Originally they went around Africa which was 12300 miles. Cutting through the Suez Canal was only 7200 miles.

Suez Cana, cuts through Egypt and connects Red Sea and Mediterranean

Establishment of British power in Egypt is regarded as what

The start of other European powers wanting to gain territory in Africa.

New Imperialism

Focuses on Africa and Asia

New Imperialism tried to maintain peaceful relations. Ex, Entente Cordial and Berlin Conference

Medical advancements like Quinine for malaria made exploration easier. “White mans grave”

Tech advancement like steam boats and telegraphs to India for easier shipments.

Darwinism

Theory of racial superiority incorrectly adapted from Charles Darwin’s book on Origins of Species

Referred to Africans and Asians as pagans which are non abrahamic religions.

Europeans felt they should civilize the Africans

How much of Africa was conquered from 1870 to 1900

1870 only 10%

1900 over 90%

Only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent

Materials that European nations sought after

Gold, Palm Oil, tea, diamonds, tin, rubber, silk

Name some British colonies in Africa

Rhodesia, South Africa, Egypt, Sudan

How much of Africa did Britain control

30%

Why did USA focus on internal affairs rather than European imperialism in Africa

US was critical of European imperialism since the US had to fight for independence from Britain

French colonies include

Coastal regions of Senegal, Algeria

Looked to expand from West to East

Saw expansion as redemption from Franco Prussia

Belgium colonies

King Leopold II claimed the Congo, known for its abundance in rubber.

He USED his own MONEY

Leopold made a fortune off of rubber

Germany colonies

Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck originally did not want to engage in Scramble to avoid rivalry and focus on internal affairs.

Entrepreneurs and the public in general pressured him to join the scramble to not get left behind

Germany gained scraps of Africa

German East Africa, German South West Africa, and Togoland

Positives European Countries did to Africa

Developed educational systems for natives

Provided medical care

Introduced efficient farming methods and more crops

Created new systems of transport like railways and telegraph wires

effects of imperialism on Africans

European countries sectioned off territory without thinking of ethnic groups and also didn’t listen to local chiefs.

Killed many African chiefs for resisting Europeans

Africans unable to farm own land as Europeans took land. Africans had to take on cheap Labour jobs for money

Europeans also brought diseases over to Africa

Genocide in Africa

Germans in South West Africa drove tribes(Herero tribe) into the Kalahari Desert to kill them of thirst. They also poisoned desert wells.

Genocide

How Support of expansionism was fostered in nations

Britains education system taught patriotism in schools. Popular literature showed British heroes saving the Africans.

Kim by Rudyard Kipling implied that the Indians should be grateful that the British helped them.

France fostered patriotism in education. Children were taught they had a duty to their country to spread their culture.

Germany established the Navy League and Colonial Society to encourage public support for imperialism

Opposition to imperialism

Seen in Boer Wars where first Boer war many British people died and so many British people believed that fighting the war was pointless if it harmed so many Brit’s.

Religious leaders believed seizing land from native inhabitants was morally wrong

Ex, Joseph Conrad explains in his book Heart of Darkness that imperialism is not so pretty if you look into it too much

Opposition to Britain involvement in Boer wars

John Hobson said imperialism hurt Britain financially and politically

Stop the War Committee- argued the war was only fought for greedy entrepreneurs who wanted diamonds

Fashoda Incident

1898

France and Britain have a standoff in Cairo Sudan. Both are looking to expand.

Neither backs down and almost escalates into an arm conflict.

Is then resolved with Entente Cordiale

entente Cordiale

Agreement between France and Britain on Cairo Sudan.

France would give Britain Cairo if Britain would recognize France in Morocco

Germanys place in the sun

Symbolized germanys pursuit of overseas possessions and naval expansion

Welpolitik World Policy which was meant to transform Germany into a global power through colonialism. Developed by Kaiser Wilhelm II

How did Germanys Place in the sun affect MOROCCAN CRISIS

Germany challenged French influence in Morocco and also challenged the entente Cordiale between France and Britain

Wilhelm II sent the PANTHER to Morocco to undermine French control.

Britain sided with France and the Kaiser backed down. This plan to break up Britain and France failed

European nations achieved trade with China by force. give examples

Britain introduced the highly addictive Opium to China. China enforced a ban but British merchants ignored it

First Opium War who won

First Opium war China lost and gave Hong Kong to Britain.

Treaty of Tientsin

Legalized opium in China

Sino Japanese War I

Japan seeked imperial possessions to get more natural resources

Japan wanted to test military strength in China and used Korean land dispute as the chance to go to war

Outdated weapons with the Chinese troops led to a quick defeat by the Japanese

China forced to sign Shimonoseki. But then Japan was forced to give port Arthur to Russia from triple alliance

Russian expansion alarmed Britain and Japan.

Japan didn’t want to lose Korea, a major source of natural resources

Britain also believed Russia was a threat to their interests in China

This led to the creation of

Anglo Japanese Alliance

Britain recognized Japan in Korea

Japan helped Britain with navy protection in far East

Both would help each other in the event of a war against two or more nations

Showed British accepting Japan as a major power

Russo Japanese war

Japan would recognize Russian rights in Manchuria if Russia would recognize Japanese rights in Korea

Russia refused

Japan surprise attacked Russian ships and Russia tried to get its widely dispersed navy to the east

Russia tried to take the short route through the Sues canal but they previously bombed British fishing boats

The British were outraged and told Russia they could not use the Suez Canal. This was also to help the Anglo Japanese Alliance

Russia was defeated, TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH

Treat of Portsmouth happened after….

Russo Japanese war

Russia lost

Japanese rule in Korea recognized

Established Japan as a major power

Japan entered WW1 to honor the…

Anglo Japanese alliance

How did Japan take advantage of European control in the far east during WW1

Supplied far east with goods that the Europeans could no longer do. This doubled Japanese merchant fleet

Shipbuilding industry boosted since Japan even supplied Britain and the allies with goods

Japan attacked German controlled regions in China and faced no backlash

Twenty One demands 1915. The ultimatum

Aimed to expand Japanese influence in China. Was later reduced under pressure from Britain and US

JAPAN MADE SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE IN CHINA

Treaty of Shimonoseki

After first sino Japanese war

China gave Japan Korea and Taiwan as well as port Arthur

Pre-Boer Wars. The start of tensions

British immigration began in 1820 to South Africa and this caused tensions with the Boers who were of Dutch Descent

The British imposed abolishment of slavery. Boers did not like this since they used slavery for farming.

Britain said they had ownership of Boers in 1870s. Boers had to wait to rebel since they were dealing with the Zulu tribe

First Boer war who won

The Boers won and established the Pretoria Convention saying the British acknowledged the Boers land and also agreed to help the Boers in the event of an invasion

Jameson Raid of 1895 in Boers

Paul Kruger the President of Transvaal denied the British access to the Boers.

Cecil Rhodes attempted the Jameson raid of 1895 which failed.

European resentment toward British Invasion of Boer

Germany sent the Kruger telegram to Britain to congratulate them on their defeat. Germany gave Boers guns to defend themselves

second boer war

Britain used Scorched earth

Boers used Guerilla tactics, surprise raids

30000 Boers died

Berlin Conference

Regulate territories in Africa and abolish slavery

Treaty of Shimonoseki: port Arthur

Russia wanted port Arthur.

Imposed triple intervention consisting of Russia, France, and Germany to put pressure on Japan

Japanese removed troops from Arthur. Japanese very mad

Russia took Port Arthur for itself

Japan saw the effect of European expansion in Asia through China and so they feared foreigners

US pressured Japan for trading rights for japans….

Coal

US Manifest Destiny

Justified US annexation of Texas from Mexico which Europeans argued was bullying a weaker state.

Manifest destiny argued US was destined to expand and had the divine right

Monroe Doctrine US1823

US would not interfere in European affairs so long as European affairs stayed out of the US. If they intervened, the US would view it as an act of aggression

us CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER

Wild and undeveloped areas that were now developed after a series of acts. Frontier closed in 1890

Donation Land Claim Act 1850 allowed settlers to take ownership of under 650 acres of land in Oregon free.

Homestead Acts which made land available to those willing to farm it

Frontier closed

USA had a large industry in

Coal cotton and steal due to mechanization of farming to mass produce crops and also population growth

Spanish American war

US accused Spain of bombing the Maine

US favored the sugar and tobacco in Cuba, a territory under Spanish control

President McKinley declared war on Spain. Spain lost

1898 treaty of paris concluded the war and gave US Cuba, Guam, Philippines

1898 treaty of Paris after Spanish American war

After Spanish American war 1898 treaty of paris concluded the war and gave US Cuba, Guam, Philippines

Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

Sanctioned US armed intervention. Had the right to intervene if it felt its interests were threatened

Platt Amendment for Cuba

US has control over Cuban financial and commercial affairs

WW1 alliances.

Assassination of ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary By Serbian nationalists

Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia

Russia declares war on Austria Hungary

Germany declares war on Russia and France

Britain declares war on Germany

Japan declares war on Germany

US was isolationist at first but then joined the war because of the Zimmerman Telegram

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany sends telegram to Mexico encouraging a war against US. Britain intercepts it and tells US. US joins war on allies side

Fourteen points

No more secret treaties

Reduce arms

Collective security

Independent Poland with access to sea

USS Preble

Warship that picked up shipwrecked American sailors. Japanese hesitant to let it in but they let it in. Japanese treated the Americans badly

Fillmore and Perry

Successful trade attempt

Commodore Perry went to Japan to deliver a letter for trade with US. Japan refused and Perry threatened them with violence.

Japan signed treaty to allow US to two ports

Why did European nations engage in the scramble for Africa

Nationalism

The long depression

Industrialization

Pretoria Convention. 1885 Boers

Boers had British sign agreement after winning first Boer war.

The convention said that Britain acknowledged the Boers land and also would help defend in event of invasion