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Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
A communication disorder that interferes with learning, understanding, and using language.
Morphology
The language system that governs the structure of words and how different word forms are constructed.
Phonology
The sound system of any given language and the rules that regulate the combination of those sounds.
Semantics
The language system that determines the meaning of words and sentences.
Syntax
The language system that regulates the order and combination of words to form sentences.
Pragmatics
The language system that regulates how to combine the above language components in a way that is functional and socially acceptable for communication.
Expressive Language
The use of either spoken (speaking) or written (writing) language.
Receptive Language
The understanding of either spoken (listening) or written (reading) language.
Phonological Processing
The ability to discriminate speech sounds, produce them, and remember their sequences.
Comorbidity
The presence of one or more additional disorders co-occurring with a primary disorder.
Auditory Processing
The ability to recognize and interpret sounds, often assessed in children with language delays.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
The process of applying current best evidence, patient perspectives, and clinical expertise to make care decisions.
Bottom-Up Model
Prior knowledge influences how one processes input in language learning.
Arcuate Fasciculus
The bundle of neural fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain.
Communication Disorder
An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems.
Artifacts in Language Testing
Things that can affect the outcome of a language assessment, such as setting or test administration procedures.
Standard Score
A score that has been transformed to fit a normal curve, typically with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
Percentile Rank
A score indicating the percentage of scores that fall below a given score.
T-Score
Standard score calculated by multiplying a z-score by 10 and adding 50.
Basal
The starting point in an assessment that indicates a level of mastery below which the student would correctly answer all items on a test.
Ceiling
The point in an assessment where the student has made a predetermined number of errors and stops administering further items.
Metalinguistics
The ability to think about and discuss language consciously.
Metacognition
The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
Diagnostic Accuracy
The degree to which a test correctly identifies individuals with or without a specific condition.
Criterion-Related Validity
The extent to which a test’s scores correlate with other measures of the same construct.
Test-Retest Reliability
The consistency of test results when the same test is administered to the same individuals on different occasions.
Inter-Rater Reliability
The degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior.
Focused Stimulation
An approach in therapy where multiple models of a target form are provided in a naturalistic context.
Milieu Teaching
An intervention approach that incorporates the child's interests and initiations in a social environment.
Language Facilitation
An indirect language stimulation technique where the clinician follows the child's lead in play.
Developmental Delay
A significant delay in one of the five areas of development.
Hybrid Approaches to Treatment
Combines elements of both child-centered and clinician-directed strategies in language therapy.
Language Transfer
A process in simultaneous bilinguals where structures from one language impact the other during learning.
Code-Switching
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation.
Language Impairment
A reduced ability to understand or use language compared to peers.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior.
Speech Sound Disorder
A disorder characterized by difficulty in producing sounds correctly.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
Methods of communication that supplement or replace speech.
Functional Communication
Effective communication used in everyday situations to meet needs.
Extralinguistic Factors
Social, cultural, and contextual factors influencing communication.
Social Communication Disorder
A condition impacting the ability to effectively communicate in social settings.
Phonemic Awareness
The ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken language.
Literacy Development
The process of learning to read and write effectively.
Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)
A professional who evaluates and treats speech and language disorders.
Qualitative Data
Non-numerical information that describes characteristics or qualities.
Quantitative Data
Numerical information that can be measured and analyzed statistically.
Nominal Data
Categorical data without a specific order, such as gender or colors.
Ordinal Data
Categorical data with a defined order, such as rankings or satisfaction levels.
Interval Data
Numerical data with meaningful intervals between values, but no true zero, e.g., temperature.
Ratio Data
Numerical data with a true zero point, allowing for statements of how many times greater, e.g., weight.
Cross-sectional Data
Data collected at a single point in time across multiple subjects.
Longitudinal Data
Data collected over time to observe changes within the same subjects.
Primary Data
Data collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose.
Secondary Data
Data that was collected by someone else for a different purpose and is used for analysis.
What is a strategy in learning?
A plan of action designed to achieve a specific educational outcome.
What are cognitive strategies?
Mental processes that enhance learning and retention, such as summarizing and self-questioning.
What are metacognitive strategies?
Techniques that help learners monitor and regulate their own learning.
What is scaffolding?
Support provided to students to enhance their understanding and skills, gradually removed as they become more independent.
What is chunking?
Breaking down information into manageable units or 'chunks' to improve memory and learning.
What is the elaborative rehearsal strategy?
Connecting new information to existing knowledge to facilitate retention.
What is spaced practice?
A learning technique that involves spacing out study sessions to improve long-term retention.
What is retrieval practice?
The act of recalling information from memory, which strengthens memory retention.
What is the dual coding theory?
Combining verbal and visual information to enhance understanding and recall.
What is active learning?
An instructional approach that engages students in the learning process through discussions, problem-solving, and hands-on activities.
