English Reformation

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A religious, political, and cultural movement in the 16th century that reformed and divided the Catholic Church, creating Protestant churches.

What does “reform” mean?

A change that is made.

What does the term “Protestant” originally refer to?

The moment when politicians protested for religious freedom

What does being a Protestant mean today?

Differing from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church.

Who was the forerunner of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther.

What did Martin Luther publish and when?

The 95 Theses in 1517.

Where did Martin Luther publish the 95 Theses?

In Germany.

Were Luther’s denunciations the first against the Catholic Church?

No, others had criticized the Church earlier.

Who had denounced the Catholic Church before Luther?

Scientists, priests, and writers.

What happened to those who denounced the Church before Luther?

Some were forced to retract, others were executed (often burned at the stake).

What were the two types of denunciations made to the Catholic Church?

Doctrinal and practical denunciations.

What did the practical denunciations refer to?

The way the Church operated—priests and popes had children, nuns were not holy, money was wasted, and people were manipulated to donate.

What did the doctrinal denunciations refer to?

Referred to church beliefs that weren’t biblical and people not having access to the Bible.

Which doctrines were criticized as unbiblical?

Mary as Mother of the Church, purgatory, saints, celibacy, statues, confession, and more.

Who later joined Luther’s denunciations?

Religious and political leaders.

Did people have the freedom to choose between being Catholic or Protestant?

No, they had to follow their political leaders’ religion.

What were the main reform groups in England?

Anglicans, Puritans, Pilgrims, and Quakers.

When did Henry VIII separate from the Catholic Church?

In 1534

Why did Henry VIII separate from the Catholic Church?

Because the Pope didn’t allow him to divorce.

Who was the Pope that refused Henry VIII’s divorce?

Pope Clement VI.

What religion did Henry VIII create?

The Anglican Church.

What position did Henry VIII take in the Anglican Church?

He became the head of the church.

How many times did Henry VIII marry?

Six times.

What reforms did Edward VI make?

Allowed priests to marry, removed images from churches, and made Masses in English instead of Latin.

Who was Mary I’s mother?

Catherine of Aragon.

What religion was Mary I?

Extremely Catholic.

What was Mary I’s nickname and why?

“Bloody Mary,” because she burned about 300 Protestants and exiled many others.

How long did Mary I persecute Protestants?

Less than 4 years.

What type of Protestant was Elizabeth I?

A moderate Protestant.

What did Elizabeth I do regarding Catholic ideas?

She accepted some Catholic ideas.

What religious movement appeared during Elizabeth I’s reign?

The Puritan Movement.

What did the Puritan Movement want?

To purify Anglicanism, reject Catholic practices, and return to the primitive church (Book of Acts).

What religion was James I?

Protestant.

What did James I grant to Catholics?

Religious freedom.

What happened during James I’s reign because of religious freedom?

Tensions between Catholics and Protestants returned.

What important event happened during James I’s reign?

The first English emigrated to America.