PSC 130 Final

Ebbinghaus’ studies of forgetting

Show the most forgetting between a test given 20 minutes after study vs. a test given 1 hour after studying.

Difference between long-term store and short-term store

The long-term store is responsible for storing information permanently, while the short-term store temporarily holds information for immediate use.

Function NOT of the Central Executive

Phonological storage or Rehearsing syllables.

Cortical Areas in the Dorsal Stream

More involved with Spatial Working Memory; Areas in the Ventral Stream are involved with Object Working Memory.

Heyer & Barrett (1971) findings

Suggest there are separate working memory systems for verbal versus visual information.

Older adults with extensive white matter hyperintensities (WMH)

Have reduced prefrontal cortex activation and worse working memory.

Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing Framework

Proposed that elaborative rehearsal leads to better learning than maintenance rehearsal.

Testing the Levels of Processing Framework

Necessary to use incidental encoding tasks to manipulate how information was processed.

Alex sorting words into different categories

Example of Relational Encoding.

Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977) predictions

Subjects with meaning-based encoding would show better memory performance regardless of the test condition.

Transfer Appropriate Processing Framework predictions

Subjects who did meaning-based encoding show better performance on item recognition test; sound-based encoding shows better performance on rhyme recognition test.

Tulving’s Encoding Specificity Principle

Successful memory performance depends on the interaction between a retrieval cue and the type of trace formed at encoding.

Endel Tulving on human consciousness

Described the experience of retrieving episodic memories as the capability of mental time travel.

Context in recall of specific information

Free Recall benefits most from remembering the context in which the information was learned.

Goodwin et al. (1969) findings

Suggest state-dependent memory: participants who drank before study did better on recall when tested drunk.

Focusing on pictures or videos impacts memory

People focused on taking photos are not doing deep encoding, leading to less memory of the experience.

Nora learning Spanish and Mandarin

Outcome likely shows proactive interference; Mandarin words will be harder to learn than Spanish.

Von Restorff effect prediction

“Apple” would be better remembered in a list of furniture items than in a list of fruit.

Free recall memory test with healthy subject

Expect increased memory for the first few items and increased memory for the last few items compared to middle items.

Chuyue's memory experiment expectations

Group B would show a larger recency effect than Group A.

Lag-recency effect

Supports the idea that Episodic Memories are Temporally Organized.

False Alarm in recognition memory test

An incorrect response indicating an unstudied item as old.

Generate-Recognize models

State that recall involves two processing stages, while recognition requires only one.

Tulving’s Remember/Know procedure

“Know” responses are thought to be based on familiarity.

Hintzman and Curran study false alarm

A false alarm to a similar item indicates the item was familiar but not recollected.

Word frequency effects

Infrequent words like 'armadillo' are less likely to be recalled but more likely to be recognized.

Mirror effect in recognition memory

Low frequency words are associated with more hits and fewer false alarms than high frequency words.

Why We Remember bias

Both people and facial recognition technology are better at recognizing familiar faces.

False Fame Effect by Jacoby et al., 1989

Subjects mistakenly think a regular person is famous if the name feels familiar but isn't recollected.

Own Race Bias in face recognition

Explained by differences in past experience recognizing faces from one’s own race versus others.

Wang, Yonelinas, & Ranganath (2014) findings

Decreased activity in the perirhinal cortex during processing of primed items relative to unprimed items.

Effects of familiarity on judgments

False Fame effect, Illusory Truth effect, and Mere Exposure effect demonstrate how familiarity can influence decisions.

Default Mode Network activity and attention focus

Decreases during arbitrary tasks, involved in retrieving episodic memories and complex thought processes.

Event segmentation and memory challenges

People often form new event models after a change in spatial context, affecting memory retention.

Event Segmentation Theory on episodic memory

Better retrieval of information from within an event than across event boundaries; better memory at event boundaries.

Event boundary triggers

Triggered by a prediction error.

Why We Remember during episodic memories retrieval

We use what we remember to imagine how the past could have been, rather than replaying events exactly.