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Functions of the Respiratory System
Respiration
Regulation of pH
Voice production
Olfaction
Protection
Respiration
intake of O2 and output of CO2
Regulation of pH
through the regulation of CO2 levels
Voice production
air moving through the vocal cords
Olfaction
drawing air through the nose
Protection
inhibit and eliminate foreign bodies from the tract
Air Pathway
Nose - Sinuses - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Tracheobronchial tube - Bronchus tubes - Bronchioles Alveoli
Air pathway through the lungs
Bronchus tubes - Bronchioles - Alveoli
The nose
1. cleans the air - 2. humidifies the air - 3. houses olfactory receptors - 4. affects how the voice sounds
The sinuses open structures within
the skull
The sinuses can become filled with
mucus and microorganisms that can cause infection
Pharynx
1. nasopharynx - 2. oropharynx - 3. laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
soft palate and uvula
Oropharynx
commonly called the throat
Laryngopharynx
just above the epiglottis
Larynx
1. epiglottis - 2. vocal cords
Epiglottis
prevent the inhalation of food and drink
Vocal Cords
move back and forth to produce sound and pitch
Glottis
the opening between the vocal cords
Trachea & Tracheobronchial Tube
connects the larynx to the bronchial tubes
Cartilage rings help maintain the
tracheal shape
Cilia is found
from this point on to help keep the airways clear of debris and mucus
The tracheobronchial tube
carries air from the cervical region into the thoracic cavity
Right & Left Bronchial Tubes
the main divide that shunts air to either the right or left lung
Due the right bronchus being straighter
solid objects are more likely to lodge on this side
Bronchioles
smaller divisions
Terminal Bronchioles
bronchioles divide up to 16 times before this point
Bronchioles divide up to
16 times
How many alveoli are housed within the right and left lungs?
300 million
Alveoli measuring only
250 μm in diameter
Gas exchanged between the
alveoli and the bloodstream capillaries
The bases of the lungs rest on the
diaphragm
The apex of the lungs are
2.5 cm ABOVE the clavicles
The hilum is the
middle of the lungs
The hilum is where
the structures attach
The right lung is divided into
three lobes
The left has only
two lobes
Ventilation occurs due to
pressure difference
↑ volume
↓ pressure
↓ volume
↑ pressure
Barometric pressure stays
constant at the same altitude
As the diaphragm moves
it changes the pressure within the thoracic cavity
The diaphragm moves
drawing air in or pushing air out of the lungs
As pressure changes within the thoracic cavity
air movement occurs to equalize the pressure both inside the lungs and in the atmosphere
End of Expiration
Pressures are equal; no air movement occurs
Inspiration
Contraction of respiratory muscles ⇨ increase in thoracic volume ⇨ decrease in pressure ⇨ air rushes in
End of Inspiration
Pressures are equal; no air movement occurs!
Expiration
Relaxation of respiration muscles ⇨ decrease in thoracic volume ⇨ increase in pressure ⇨ air rushes out
Lung Recoil (elasticity) and Surfactant
keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Volumes
amount of space occupied
Compliance
the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand
↑ compliance is a sign of
healthy lungs
↓ compliance is a sign of
sickly or compromised lungs
Tidal volume
normal breathing in and out
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
space left to inhale
Expiratory Reserve Volume
space left to exhale
Residual Volume
air still remaining after forced exhale (cannot be manipulated due to risk of lung collapse)
Capacity
max amount to be filled
Inspiratory Capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume; everything else that can be inhaled
Functional Residual Capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume; everything that can be exhaled after normal exhale
Vital Capacity
inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume; all the air you can manipulate
Total Lung Capacity
inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume; EVERYTHING
Diffusion
the movement of across or throughout something due to a difference in concentration
Movement always occurs
from areas of high concentration to low concentration
O2 diffuses
from the alveoli to the bloodstream
CO2 diffuses
from the bloodstream to the alveoli
Once O2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane
it attaches to hemoglobin
At the tissues capillaries
oxygen is released
CO2 then attaches to
hemoglobin or is dissolved in the plasma
Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when
four molecules of oxygen are attached
Hemoglobin is 75% saturated when
at rest
Hemoglobin is 25% saturated when
during vigorous exercise
↓ pH
↓ O2 bound to hemoglobin
↑ pH
↑ O2 bound to hemoglobin
↓ pH!
↑ CO2; ↓ O2 bound to hemoglobin
↑ pH!
↓ CO2; ↑ O2 bound to hemoglobin
↑ temperature
↓ O2 bound to hemoglobin (temp.)
↓ temperature
↑ O2 bound to hemoglobin (temp.)
The brainstem controls regulation through two nerves
Phrenic nerves and Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerves
(C3 - C5); controls the diaphragm
Intercostal nerves
(T1 - T11); control the intercostal muscles
Chemical Control
Chemoreceptors can detect changes in pH, CO2, and O2 levels within the blood
pH Control - ↓ pH
↑ respiration rate
pH Control - ↑ pH
↓ respiration rate
CO2 Control
drives our need to breathe
CO2 Control - ↓ CO2
↓ respiration rate
CO2 Control - ↑ CO2
↑ respiration rate
O2 Control - ↓ O2
↑ respiration rate
O2 Control - ↑ O2
↓ respiration rate
Upon beginning exercise
ventilation rates increase
Movement of limbs have an effect on
respiratory rate
pH, CO2, and O2 levels remain constant even though
there is a large consumption of O2 and large production of CO2
pH remains constant during
aerobic exercise
pH will change as
exercise progresses into anaerobic range
Training leads to - ↑ vital capacity with
↓ in residual capacity
Training leads to - ↓ respiration rate at
rest and during exercise compared to those untrained
Training leads to - ↑ movement of air in and out of
lungs compared to those untrained