Islam/ Byzantine quiz

Muezzin

They call people to prayer

622 CE

when Muhammed and his followers migrated to medina

Muslim

Muslims are people who adhere to Islam

Monotheism

one G-d. Only one thing to care about or devote one’s life to. Nothing else matters as much as Allah.

Medina (or Yathrib)

Muhammed was invited there when his life was under threat in Mecca, they asked him to solve disputes between clans, he was a rly good problem solver, city of muhamed, Islams orgin

Sunni

accepted Umayyad’s rule,

Allah

God

630 CE

Muhammad and his followers attack and capture Mecca; the Ka’aba is cleansed from idols and rededicated to Allah

Bedouin

Poets were important, they told stories (of the tribe, like recordkeeping), Clans fought a lot, nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions

Ka’aba

Sanctuary, said that it was built by Abraham, the black stone in it was said to fall from the sky, islam’s most import mosque

Qur’an (or Koran)

Muhammad is the final word of Allah. God perfect final message no need to update. Had to be written so it isn't corrupted, No early manuscripts survived, Teaching of ethical and social teachings(its like the Islamic torah)

Umayyads

After the deaths of the caliphs, they took over, they were rich and skillful and had a stable gov., but did not treat their people well and didn't pay off their debts

Hadiths

sayings of Muhammad used to guide behavior

Shi’ite (Shi’a)

rejected the Umayyads, meant party of Ali

Muhammad

• Messenger of god

• Born in arabian peninsula, was kinda a violent place

• Sent to live in desert to connect with culture

• Orphaned by 6, taken under by uncle

• Family first, tribe second

• Uncle taught him survival skills

• Conflict was easily started

• Bloody battles

• Had contact with merchants

• Married khadija

• Very smart and charismatic

• Good at resolving conflict

• Became known as “the trusted one”(al hamin)

• Talked to sages of many religions

632 CE

Muhammad dies after a final pilgrimage to Mecca:

570 CE

when Muhammed was born

Hijrah

 in 622 CE, the journey made by Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina; the year that is considered the beginning of the Muslim calendar

Mecca

A city, there was a sanctuary in the market because it was next to the Kaaba

Abbasids

took power from the Umayyad family by spreading propaganda abt them, and they defeated them through violence, they then invited them to a banquet after defeat and killed them there. They sort of united everyone, known as the golden age of Islam because there was no violence between tribes during their rule, and culture flourished, they killed literally anyone who they saw as a threat, even those ho had helped them gain office

5 Pillars

Iman (Faith)- Belief in monotheism and that Muhamed was the final prophet, his words is final for all, forever

Salah (Prayer)- Praying daily, 5 times, there is no priests, said in arabic, can pray anywhere

Zakah (Charity)- Give to those in need, the amount you give should be determined on how much you make, but you can choose how much you give, all things belong to god

Sawm (Fasting)-  Purifying yourself thorough fast, during a month, if you sick you can skip and make it up, helps learn restraint

Hajj (Pilgrimage)-  Going to mecca (obligated to go), wear special clothes, should go once times in your life,pray for god's forgiveness

Caliph

the successor to Muhammad, had a lot of influence

Justinian

was emperer of Byzantine, empire flourished under him. Reclaimed territory Lots of religious worshiping places were built/ religious stuff, created a good legal system.

Constantinople

The capitol of the Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia

means holy wisdom, a church, very beautiful, was turned into a mosque later

Roman Catholic

Pope had authority over the bishops, kings and empires, priests cant marry, cant divorce, services in latin

Great Schism (1054CE)

Eastern and western parts of the christian church split

Constantinople’s architecture and engineering

was advanced and beautiful??????????

Patriarch

Leading bishop of Eastern Orthodox, under emperor, chosen by Emporer

Eastern Orthodox

The patriarchs and bishops are the leaders of the church as a group, emperor has authority over them, priests can get married, divorce is sometimes allowed, services in greek/ local languages

Belisarius

A great general, he did well in the war, attacked africa, captured naples

Icon

Religious items used by Eastern Christians to aid their devotions, gave them closer connection to god

Pope

leader of catholic chruch, selected by the religion,over emperor

4 “rightly-guided” caliphs (Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali)

Spread Islam East and West into Persia, Palestine, Syria. and Egypt, Tolerance of Jews and Christians (could keep religion and leaders as long as they pay taxes to the Islamic Empire), Caliphs elected to power.

Damascus

Umayyads capitol

Baghdad

was the capital for the Abasaids, It had access to trade (goods, gold, and info)

Arabian Peninsula

where the religion of Islam began

al-Andalus (Spain)

Started by an Umayyad who fled to Spain as the Abbasids were killing Umayyads, Separated Spain from the Abbasids, Cultural blending with Jews and Christians, Spanish Jews and Christians adopt many Arab or Muslim cultural practices – poetry, edu, philosophy all flourish while the rest of Europe is in the midst of the Dark Ages, City of Cordoba = center of culture, education, and poetry for all 3 three religions (influenced by Arab love of poetry), Jews welcomed Muslim rule (more tolerant/welcoming at that time than Catholic Christians). Jewish community actually helped the Muslims conquer Spain, Orthodox Catholic community detested the cultural mixing; strived to maintain a solely Christian culture (no Arab or Muslim culture). Finally, in the 1200-1400s, Catholics began a “Reconquista” of Spain, culminating with the Inquisition and the destruction of all non-Christian cultural influences in Spain.

Byzantine empire Culture and politics

They spoke greek, were diverse, had good trade, what roman empires said would go, but the Byzantine empire followed already set laws