Med Terms Final Sem. 1

parts of blood

plasma, platelets, white cells, red cells

plasma

colloid, mostly water, liquid base

RBCs

erythrocytes, main component of hemoglobin

function of RBCs

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

WBCs

leukocytes, has different types: neutrophil/eosinophil/basophil/monocyte/lymphocyte

B cell

immune cell, lymphocyte, produces antibodies

T cell

immune cell, lymphocyte, uses toxins to kill bacteria

platelets

thrombocytes, PLT, secrete chemicals

hemophilia

a genetic disorder where the blood doesn’t clot properly due to a lack of clotting components; joint pain, bruising, nosebleeds

thrombocytopenia

a low number of platelets in the blood; rare internal bleeding, risk of serious bleeding after an injury or during surgery

hemolytic anemia

RBC deficiency; SOB, jaundice, fatigue

hypoxia

oxygen deficiency in the blood; SOB, tachycardia, confusion

poikilocytosis

presence of abnormally shaped RBCs; irregular heart rate, SOB, pale skin

leukopenia

low count of WBCs; fever, chills, mouth sores, fatigue

leukemia

cancer which produces high count of WBCs; fever, fatigue, bruising

mononucleosis

large number of mononuclear leukocytes; weakness, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes

coagulation

process of blood clotting

thrombus

clot attached to a blood vessel or heart lining

embolus

detached piece, bacteria, etc. that blocks a blood vessel

hematoma

blood that escaped from the blood vessels into the tissue, bruise

type A-

blood type that contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies

type A+

blood type that contains A antigens, anti-B antibodies and Rh antigens

type B-

blood type that contains B antigens and anti-A antibodies

type B+

blood type that contains B antigens, anti-A antibodies, and Rh antigens

type AB-

blood type that contains A and B antigens (universal recipient)

type AB+

blood type that contains A and B antigens and Rh antigens

type O-

blood type that contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

type O+

blood type that only contains Rh antigens

functions of blood

maintain homeostasis, transportation, protection, clotting, osmosis

osmosis

movement of water

functions of lymphatic system

fluid balance, fat absorption, immunological defense

lymph fluid

fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels

movement of lymph

flows through skeletal muscles and smooth muscles, thoracic pressure when breathing

edema

blockage of lymphatic flow—leads to swelling

functions of lymph nodes

testing stations, create lymphocytes, filtering stations

tonsils

lump of lymph nodules found in the neck region

functions of the spleen

dispose of worn out RBCs, cleanse blood of foreign invaders, reservoir of oxygen-rich blood

thymus

organ that decreases in size as you get older, place where t-lymphocytes mature, secretes thymosin

lymphoma

malignant neoplasm found usually in lymph nodes, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin

lymphedema

swelling due to lymphatic obstruction

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils, can be caused by an infection or bacteria, causes enlarged and tender lymph nodes

splenomegaly

enlarged spleen, result of an underlying disorder

histamine

result of allergy or injury, acts as a trigger for various symptoms due to an allergen

anaphylaxis

immediate severe allergic response

natural active

immunity acquired from getting sick

artificial active

immunity acquired from getting vaccinated

natural passive

immunity acquired from mother to baby

artificial passive

immunity acquired from a vaccination that has another individual’s or animal’s antibodies

functions of antibodies

neutralize, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation

HIV and AIDS

two immune diseases that target T-cells and lead to a weakened immune system, many die from opportunistic infections

antigen

a substance that stimulates the production of an antibody when introduced into the body

inactivated vaccine

vaccine that uses a killed version of the germ that causes the disease—not as long lasting or strong

toxoid vaccine

vaccine that uses a modified version of the toxin to elicit an immune response, but not cause the disease—may require a booster shot

antibodies

a type of protein made by certain WBCs in response to a foreign substance

live attenuated vaccine

vaccine that contains a weakened form of the germ that can cause the disease—leads to long term immunity, but can not be given to everyone

subunit vaccine

vaccine that uses a specific piece of the germ—leads to a strong immune response, buy may still require a booster to maintain protection

mouth and nasal passages

main route for air to and from the lungs, lined with sticky membrane, hairs catch dust, warms/moistens/filters air

pharynx

short tube at rear of nasal cavity, connects mouth and nose

larynx

connects pharynx with trachea, vocal cords are located here

epiglottis

cartilage flap that tilts over the entrance to the larynx

trachea

main airway to the lungs, in front of esophagus, held open by rings of cartilage, divides into two tubes

diaphragm

dome-shaped muscle under ribs

flat

shape of of diaphragm when inhaling

rounded

shape of diaphragm when exhaling

lungs

where gas exchange takes place, contains a left side and right side

left lung

has 2 lobes, smaller so the heart can have space

right lung

has 3 lobes

bronchi

large air tubes, divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles

bronchioles

small tubes that branch out of bronchi, divides into alveoli

alveoli

microscopic air sacs, thin structures arranged in clumps, surrounded by capillaries, place where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse if needed

respiration

oxygen moves to tissues while carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the body

functions of the respiratory system

respiration, regulation of blood pH, ventilation, protection, voice production, olfaction

olfaction

sense of smell

ventilation

movement of gases in and out of the lungs

cyanosis

blue discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds due to low levels of oxygen in the blood

rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

pharyngitis

inflammation of the air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx

sinusitis

inflammation of the linings of the hollow cavities or space in the bones in the skull

dyspnea

shortness of breath, difficulty breathing

croup

laryngotracheobronchitis, inflammation of the larynx/trachea/and bronchitis in the lungs

hemoptysis

bloody sputum

laryngitis

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the voice box producing hoarseness and often a phobia

epistaxis

nosebleed

obstructive sleep apnea

soft tissues at the back of the nose and throat cause a blockage that leads to the cessation of breathing

bronchoconstriction

reduction in diameter of a bronchus

pneumoconiosis

fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of different dusts

hypercapnia

abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream

bronchiectasis

chronic dilation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction

atelectasis

collapse of part of a lung

cor pulmonale

right sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease, often seen as an end result of COPD

pneumonia

acute infection affecting the alveoli and inflammation of the lung parenchyma

thromboembolism

a piece of detached blood clot blocking a distant blood vessel

bronchogenic carcinoma

90% of lung cancer cases that originates in the bronchus and can spread and metastasize

musical

stridor and wheezing fall under this category

non-musical

crackles and pleural rub fall under this category

laryngeal polyps

benign tumors of the larynx

cilia

small hairs in the mucosa that move in waves

digestive system

this system deconstructs food chemically and absorbs nutrients at the right time

order of digestion

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

mechanical breakdown

goal is to increase the surface area of the food