ap world vocab final

Neo-Confucianism

a way to try and bring back the philosophical teachings of Confucian while mixing it with the Buddhist and Taoism views that became popular during the Song dynasty

Censorate

a high-level supervisory agency in imperial China responsible for monitoring government officials and ensuring that they were capable of doing their job. the six major ministries by this.

Hangzhou (Song Capital)

one of the most modern cities in the world of its time and was home to over a million people.

Foot binding

tightly wrapping a young women’s foot causing immense pain often causing in bones breaking and deformity, a practice that symbolized beauty and social status in Chinese culture. used to differentiate “barbarians” and Chinese as well as the wealthy from the peasants.

“Middle Kingdom”

the term used by China to refer to itself, reflecting its view of being the center of civilization and culture in the world. saw China as superior

Kowtow

ceremony of foreign rulers doing ritual bowings and stretch to give their gifts and tributes to the Chinese emperor

Xiongnu

early nomadic confederacy recognized as politically equal by tribute system

Sultanate of Delhi

a Muslim kingdom that ruled over large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th centuries, known for its cultural and architectural achievements.

Sufis

Holy men known for their spiritual practices and emphasis on personal experience of God. Helped develop “popular Islam” and are Muslims who practice Sufism

Kabir

mystic Indian poet from the 15th century

Sikhism

founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539 and blended elements of Islam and Hinduism. devotion to one universal god came from Islam and karma and rebirth concepts were from Hinduism

Timbuktu

city in Mali that showed lots of pride and self satisfaction. known for having more than 150 lower-level Quarnic schools and several major centers of higher education with thousands of students from all over West Africa and beyond.

Mexica

semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico who migrated South and were established on a small island in Lake Texcoco by 1325 that developed their military capacity and served as mercenaries (professional soldiers) for people of more power and negotiated elite marriage alliances with them. built their own capital of Tenochitlan

Triple Alliance

an agreement with nearby city-states that launched a military conquest

Tenochtitlan

aztec capital

Chinampas

relied on small areas of fertile land to grow crops in Mesoamerica/Mexico

Huitzilopochtli

god who represented sun

Quechua

incan language

Gender parallelism

where women and men operate in two separate but equivalent placesthe

Yuan Dynasty

the new beginning in China under the Mongol rule. capital was what is now Beijing “The city of Khan”

Khubilai Khan

China’s Mongol ruler from 1271 to 1294 and grandson of Chinggis Khan. his policies evoked the values of a Chinese emperor as he improved roads, built canals, lowered certain taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited the death penalty/torture, supported peasant agriculture, and allowed Mongols to let their animals graze off of peasant land.

Hulegu

grandson of Chinggis Khan and first Il-Khan (subordinate Khan) of Persia

Khutulun

Mongol wrestler princess and extended family of Chinggis Khan. Only girl among 14 brothers.

Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde

a Mongol empire from the 13th to 15th centuries, covering southern Russia and parts of Eastern Europe. It facilitated cultural exchanges, trade, and the spread of Islam while allowing local autonomy under its rule.

Monsoon Winds

alternating wind currents that blew eastward during summer and west during winter. made Indian Ocean commerce possible. Understanding these winds was used for sailing such as shipbuilding and navigation was used for trading.

Swahili language

widely spoken in East Africa today. borrowed vocabulary from Arabic, English, and Portuguese. Reflects the region’s diverse cultural influences. Key component of this culture.

Great Zimbabwe

powerful state that was clearly connected to the growing trade in gold to the coast and the wealth in its large herds of cattle.

Jenne-Jeno

trading crossroad located at a crucial point on the Niger River where goods were transshipped from boat to donkey or donkey to boat

Camel Caravans

groups of camels who would carry people and goods for trade and would travel long distances through dry and hot areas like deserts

Encomienda and repartimiento

legal system where the Spanish crown allowed certain Spanish settlers to claim local native people and could demand labor, gold, or agricultural produce from them. in return, they would provide them with protection and teach them about the Christian faith but this turned into the Spanish settlers taking advantage of the natives similar to slavery.

La Sistema de castas

groups based on racial heritage and skin color. social structure for Latin America in Spanish territories that influenced a person’s legal rights and economic opportunities.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

a revolt in 1780 to 1781 in Peru that addressed complaints and issues about Spanish Colonia rule such as taxation, forced labor, and the social injustice against Indigenous people

Middle Passage

forced journey of slaves and goods across the Atlantic ocean. 3 main ways: Europe to Africa (goods), Africa to the Americas (slaves), and Americas to Europe (sugar, tobacco, and cotton).

Cowrie Shells

currency in West Africa and major currency during the slave trade

Kingdom of Dahomey

west African kingdom that expanded during the 18th century and the royal place housed thousands of women and was ruled by a powerful Queen Mother who served to integrate the diverse regions of the state. Each descendant was required to send a daughter to the palace and some sent additional girls to increase their influence at court.

Queen Nzinga

African queen who ruled the region of Matamba from 1626 to 1663 who guided the state during the complexities of various Europeans and African rivalries and gained a reputation for her resistance to Portugues imperialism

British East India Company (EIC)

established in 1600 and played a crucial role in the expansion of British trade in India and Southeast Asia. initially focused on trade with the Indian subcontinent and heavily involved with India, eventually ruling some territory there. they were known for exploiting resources and taxing local populations, leading to political and social changes.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

established In 1600 and played a key roles in expanding Dutch trade in India and Southeast Asia, initially focused on trade and later ruling the parts of India. Known for exploiting resources.

Potosi, Bolivia

-world’s largest silver mine and became the largest city equivalent to London. environment faced severe deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding from all the mining.

Janissaries

very disciplined and professional force in the Ottoman empire. served as professional guards to the sultant and known for early adoption of gunpowder weapons and became involved in court politics

Sati

when a widow followed her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre

Jizya

special tax on non-muslims

Devshirme

system used by Ottomans to recruit young Chrisitan boys from the Balkans and other regions to Islam and trained them to make them serve in many roles in the empire whether it be soldiers or administrators.

Soft gold

furs from animals for the global fur trade and very valuable during this time. furs were a source of wealth

Qing Dynasty

established by the manchus and officials did not try to convert locals to Chinese culture and showed respect for some other cultures

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

marked the boundary between Russia and China

Declaration of Independence

issued on July 4, 1776 and lunched a struggle for independence from oppressive British rule and announced that the 13 colonies were separating from that rule

Creoles

second generation Europeans born in America

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

catholic priests who helped advocate for social injustice and equality and were key leaders of the Mexican War of Independence

Simon Bolivar

played key roles in independence movement and regional military leader that was influenced by the Enlightenment and creole sponsor of independence movements

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French version of the Bill of Rights written by Olympe de Gouges

Olympe de Gouges

French playwright and journalist that wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen to insist that women is born free and lives equal to man in her rights.

Napolean Bonaparte

highly successful general who resized power in 1799 and was often credited with taming the revolution and preserved many more moderate elements such a as civil equality and religious freedom who wanted to end feudalism and insisted on religious toleration

Toussaint Louverture

former slave who he and his successor overcame internal resistance and defeated an attempt by Napolean to re-establish French control

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

first head of state of the new country, Haiti. Swiss philosopher, writer, and political theorist who helped shape Enlightenment thought and influenced modern political and social ideas. Focused on liberty, equality, and government which impacted the French Revolution,

Seneca Falls Convention

first women’s rights convention held in New York in 1848 that was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to discuss social, civil, and religious rights for women.

Elizabth Cady Stanton

a feminist known for her leadership in the Seneca Falls Convention

National American Woman Suffrage Association

an organization that fought for women’s suffrage in the U.S in 1890 that wanted to secure women’s rights to vote across the U.S.

Kartini

Indonesian feminist who advocated for women’s rights and inspired the making of schools for girls in Indonesia

Huda Sharawi

Egyptian Feminist who also believed in education for girls and founded a school for girls in 1910. She became a leader for women’s movement in 1919 during the British colonial rule and founded the Egyptian feminist Union in 1923