us hostory quiz 2/3

What was the Gilded Age?

Period from 1870-1900 with rapid industrial growth and big wealth gaps.

What is laissez-faire?

Government staying out of business.

What is a political machine?

Group that controlled city politics through favors.

What is a tenement?

Overcrowded city housing for the poor.

What is a monopoly?

Total control of an industry.

What is a trust?

Businesses joined together to reduce competition.

What is horizontal integration?

Buying out competitors.

What is vertical integration?

Controlling all parts of production.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Steel business leader.

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Oil business leader.

What was Standard Oil?

Rockefeller's oil company.

What are robber barons?

Business leaders seen as greedy and unethical.

What are captains of industry?

Business leaders who helped the economy.

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Law to limit monopolies.

What is a labor union?

Organization to protect workers.

What is collective bargaining?

Negotiating pay and conditions.

What is a strike?

Workers stop working to demand change.

What is the American Federation of Labor?

Union for skilled workers.

What is a scab?

Replacement worker during a strike.

What is the transcontinental railroad?

Railroad connecting east and west U.S.

What did Union Pacific do?

Built railroad west from Omaha.

What did Central Pacific do?

Built railroad east from California.

What was the railroad boom?

Rapid railroad expansion.

What are time zones?

Created for railroad schedules.

What are land grants?

Government land given to railroads.

What is the Interstate Commerce Act?

Law regulating railroads.

Who were railroad tycoons?

Powerful railroad owners.

What is industrialization?

Growth of factories and machines.

What is the factory system?

Machine-based mass production.

What is urbanization?

People moving to cities.

What is immigration?

People moving to the U.S. from other countries.

What was Ellis Island?

European immigration station.

What was Angel Island?

Asian immigration station.

What is mass production?

Making goods quickly in large amounts.

What is an assembly line?

Workers repeat one task.

What is child labor?

Children working in factories.

What are working conditions?

Long hours, low pay, unsafe jobs.

What was Andrew Carnegie's significant contribution to the steel industry?

He was the first to use steel plants in the USA and dominated the steel market in the late 1800s.

What years did Andrew Carnegie live?

1835-1914.

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?

A railroad tycoon known as the 'captain of railroads' who consolidated railroads in New York.

What was Vanderbilt's strategy for gaining control over railroads?

He bought stock in railroads and consolidated them, owning much of New York and Harlem by 1864.

What years did Cornelius Vanderbilt live?

1794-1877.

Who was J.P. Morgan?

A powerful banker involved in finance, steel, and railroads, known for reorganizing and consolidating industries.

What was J.P. Morgan's role in the steel industry?

He financed steel production and helped consolidate the steel industry, including Carnegie's operations.

What is a 'robber baron'?

A term used to describe successful industrialists in the late 19th century whose practices were often considered unethical.

What practices were commonly associated with robber barons?

Employee or environmental abuse, stock market manipulation, and restricting output to raise prices.

What was the public perception of robber barons during their time?

They were widely despised and considered rapacious monopolists.

How did some robber barons contribute to philanthropy?

Many became noted philanthropists later in life, donating large sums to various causes.

What was a common criticism of robber barons regarding working conditions?

They were criticized for poor working conditions, selfishness, and greed.

What did Andrew Carnegie do with his wealth?

He donated over $350 million to charity, including funding for public libraries.

What was the historical context of the term 'robber baron'?

Originally described feudal lords in medieval Europe, it was later used in American newspapers starting in 1859.

What was the impact of robber barons on the American economy?

They contributed to economic growth through product innovation and business efficiency, improving living standards.

What did Rockefeller do with a portion of his earnings?

He donated around 10% of every paycheck to charity and supported various social causes.

What was the role of government in supporting railroad tycoons?

Many received privileged access and financing through lobbyists, special licenses, and subsidies.

What was the relationship between monopolies and the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Fear of monopolistic practices by robber barons led to public support for the Sherman Antitrust Act.