Anatomy Lecture 2- Organization of human cells and nucleus and cell cycle

Plasma Membrane/cell membrane

thin border of the cell that seperates intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments

Passive transport

down concentration gradient; high to low concentration

Active transport

against concentration gradient; requires energy

Phagocytosis

uptake of particles by membrane extensions that surround

Pinocytosis

uptake of fluid by membrane pouches which gather materials

Cytosol

cytoplasm; fluid containing water and many dissolved inclusions such as ions, nutrients, proteins, carbs, lipids

Organelles

cytoplasm; structures in cells that perform specific functions

Membrane bound-organelles

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria; seperate from cytosol

Non-membrane bound organelles

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli; direct contact with the cytosol

Smooth ER

lacking ribosomes, synthesis of lipids

Rough ER

prescence of ribosomes, synthesis of proteins

Golgi

Receive material for modification, sorting, packaging

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing enzymes that digest and remove waste products

Peroxisomes

Sacs formed by pinching of RER; detoxify harmful molecules

Mitochondria

double membrane; produce ATP

Ribosomes

free float in the cytosol; make proteins

Cytoskeleton

Proteins in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes

Cilia

hairlike structures that move substances past the surface of the cell

Flagella

whiplike tails that allow for movement of the cell

Microvilli

Fingerlike projections that increase surface area and absorbtion

Nuclear envelope

contains entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus and cytoplasm through nuclear pores; double membrane continous with ER

Nucleolous

make ribosomes

Chromatin

nucleus; coils tightly to form chromosomes

Interphase

resting phase

Mitotic phase

cell division into 2 cells identical to parent

Necrosis

irreversible damage via harmful agents

Apoptosis

programmed cell death