SOC 101 Exam #2 WVU Steele

Class Society

a social structure where individuals are divided into distinct social strata or classes, primarily based on economic factors like wealth, income, and property ownership

Status Consistency

the degree to which individuals have similar rankings across various social categories such as wealth, education, and occupation.

Caste Systems

a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

Sex

the biological distinction between females and males

Gender

norms, roles, and behaviors that society attaches to being male and female

Gender Identity

sense of being male/female/other

Cisgender

identity matches sex at birth

Patriarchy

Society dominated by males

Matriarchy

Society dominated by females

Lower Class

a social class composed of those who work part time or not at all and whose household income is typically low

Working Class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

Gender Socialization

Learning social norms surrounding gender

Second Shift

Unpaid Housework

Gender Wage Gap

The difference between earning w/ males and females

Occupational Stereotypes

Assumptions about jobs based on gender.

Labor Supply Factors

reasons why men or women prefer different occupations

Labor Demand Factors

Preferences of the employer

Human Capital

Skills that make someone valuable

Indirect Labor Costs

Costs in time, training, or money incurred when an employee takes time off to care for sick family members, opts for parental leave, arrives at work late, or leaves a position after receiving employer-provided training

glass escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

glass ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

Social Institution

Found in all societies to reproduce and socialize members

Family Ties

those based on blood, marriage, and adoption

Family Unit

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, adoption who live together

Conflict Paradigm Reality

The family serves to perpetrate

HDI

Human Development Index, measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc.

World Bank Classification

-Low income

-Low middle income

-High middle income

-High income

Modernization Theory

Says there was a progression in higher income and high industrialized areas and say that it is a gold standard and that all societies move thru this progression naturally -- If it's not it means societies are holding it back

Dependency Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Green Revolution

Was an initiative to transfer methods of industrialized agriculture to less developed nations

Can be both negative and positive.

EXP: Farmers couldn't afford commerical fertilizer and it could ruin soil.

Race

It is a social construction in the sense that society attaches meaning to certain physical traits

Ethnicity

Model Minority

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher achievements without protest against the majority establishment

Expulsion

the process of driving or forcing out

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Nuclear Family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

Blended Family

a family whose members were once part of other families

Extended Family

a family that includes additional relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a class society?

Upward or Downward social mobility is possible

A heart surgeon earns much more than a hospital orderly. Structural functionalism would

explain this income disparity as which of the following?

Necessary to ensure that occupations requiring highly specialized training are filled

Typically, the degree of status consistency is greater in caste systems than

in class systems.

True 

Which of the following statements is TRUE about social class and poverty?

People considered "lower class" are at higher risk for meeting their basic needs,

compared to the working class.

How does the U.S. government establish official poverty thresholds for households of different sizes?

By using a formula originally developed in the 1960s and adjusting for inflation

Official poverty thresholds are applied nationwide and do not adjust for

geographic differences in the cost of living.

True 

In Appalachia, billions of dollars have been spent on physical infrastructure (such as

highways, water lines, and sewer lines) with the goal of stimulating economic development

and reducing poverty.  What does this presume is a key cause of poverty?

A shortage of employment opportunities

The “culture of poverty” perspective refers to values, attitudes, and behaviors passed from

poor parents to their children.  This perspective has been used to suggest which of the

following?

All of the above 

Boris and Natasha live in an igloo in Northern Siberia with their two children.  They are an

example of which of the following?

Nuclear Family

There are different classifications of “development” status, such as the World Bank

classification and the Human Development Index (HDI). What are these measures used to

study?

inequalities across societies 

TRUE or FALSE – The HDI includes more indicators of health and well-being, compared to the

World Bank classification system.

True

Modernization theory claims which of the following?

That the main causes of "under-development" involve culture and technology

The "Green Revolution" was an initiative to transfer methods of industrialized agriculture to

less developed nations. Which statement most accurately reflects the outcomes of this

initiative?

It alleviated hunger and enabled local farmers to successfully transition to

industrialized farming.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about race?

It is a social construction in the sense that society attaches meaning to certain physical

traits.

All of the following are racial categories except which one?

Hispanic/Latino 

Which of the following statements is TRUE about ethnicity?

Ethnicity is based on shared cultural heritage.

Chin moved to this country from China when he was a young man. He spoke no English and

knew little about American norms and customs. In an interview 18 years later, Chin was

unable to recall any phrases in Chinese, his family only ate American food at home, and they

never celebrated traditional Chinese holidays. Such changes reflect:

Assimilation

The “model minority” label has persisted in the U.S. for decades. TRUE or FALSE – This label

is applied to Asians, based on their high level of success in American society.

True True

The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious cycle means that:

Bias is easily perpetuated over time.

The North School District spends an average of $20,000 per student. On the other side of

town, the South School District spends less than $10,000 per student. Such numbers are a

function of the property values of the school districts. Furthermore, people of color are

concentrated in the South School District. The difference between the two districts is an

example of:

How institutional discrimination is perpetuated in the educational system

Sex is defined as which of the following?

Anatomical or other biological differences between males and females

TRUE or FALSE - People whose gender identity, expression, or behavior differs from their

assigned sex at birth or is outside the gender binary are known as cisgender.

False 

According to the conflict paradigm, which of the following is a consequence of dividing labor

and roles along gender lines?

Women become dependent upon men for labor and resources.

Which factor accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working

men and women in the United States?

Differences in the kind of work that men and women do

Given prevailing gender norms, in which of the following situations might men face

discrimination?

All of the above

David and Sara are a middle-aged couple who sought a divorce after 17 years of marriage.

Sara has full custody of their three children. Although both are highly educated, Sara has

spent the last 15 years of their marriage as a full-time homemaker. According to the

"no-fault" divorce laws in their state, David will pay very little child support and no alimony

because it is assumed that Sara will find a well-paying job based on her education level.

However, Sara has little work experience and earns barely enough to pay the rent and feed

her family. Sara's experience is an example of:

The unintended consequence of a non-sexist law

The family as a social institution is found in which of the following?

Every society

Following the structural-functional paradigm, the family:

Might be called the backbone of society

Which of the following household types would be defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a

family household?

Married couples with no children 

Which of the following statements is TRUE about family trends in the United States over the

past few decades?

Non-family households (as a share of all households) has been increasing

TRUE or FALSE – According to the conflict paradigm, beliefs about the successes and failures

of the family are often based on comparisons to idealized families of the past.

True 

Around the world, the most common form of marriage is:

Monogamy