AP Biology Unit 2 Review for A, 5, or 90% and higher.

For period 7, AP Biology AP Test on May 5th

Centrosomes

Animal cell organelles not found in plant cells.

Lysosomes

Organelles in animal cells for digestion.

Chloroplasts

Plant organelles for photosynthesis.

Central Vacuole

Large plant cell organelle for storage.

Cell Wall

Rigid structure providing support in plant cells.

Plasmodesmata

Channels for communication between plant cells.

Ribosomes

Complexes of RNA and protein for protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis

Process of creating proteins from amino acids.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes for protein processing.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, synthesizes lipids.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus, smaller than eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Endomembrane System

Network of organelles for intracellular transport.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Molecule carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins from the ER.

Mitochondria

Organelles producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts ATP Production

ATP generated from light energy in photosynthesis.

Light-dependent Reactions

Reactions using light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Thylakoid Membrane

Site of light-dependent reactions in chloroplasts.

Transport Vesicles

Membrane-bound carriers for moving proteins.

Cytosol

Fluid component of the cytoplasm where organelles reside.

Nucleoid Region

Area in prokaryotes where DNA is located.

Calvin Cycle

Converts CO2 into GA3P in stroma.

Krebs Cycle

Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH per glucose.

Electron Transport Chain

Generates 34 ATP in mitochondria.

Chlorophyll

Pigment that absorbs specific light wavelengths.

SA:V Ratio

High ratio is crucial for cell efficiency.

Plasma Membrane

Separates cell from external environment.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes membrane's dynamic structure and composition.

Selective Permeability

Allows specific substances to enter or exit.

Unsaturated Tails

Contain double bonds, causing kinks in structure.

Saturated Tails

Lack double bonds, straight structure.

Cholesterol in Membrane

Regulates membrane fluidity at varying temperatures.

Integral Proteins

Transmembrane proteins embedded in lipid bilayer.

Peripheral Proteins

Loosely attached to membrane surface.

Hydrophobic Interactions

Allow membrane components to move and shift.

Mitochondria

Site of Krebs cycle and electron transport.

Thylakoid Membranes

Location of light-dependent reactions in chloroplasts.

Stroma

Inner space of chloroplasts for Calvin cycle.

ATP Production

34 ATP from electron transport, 2 from glycolysis.

Cell Size Limitation

Large cells struggle with material exchange.

Double Bonds

Cause kinks in unsaturated fatty acid tails.

Membrane Fluidity

Maintained by cholesterol and phospholipid arrangement.

Chemical Energy Conversion

Light energy transformed into chemical energy by plants.

Lipid Bilayer

Two sheets of amphipathic phospholipids.

Amphipathic Phospholipids

Molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules that easily pass through membranes.

Hydrophilic

Polar molecules that struggle to cross membranes.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP.

Diffusion

Spontaneous movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration across a space.

Plasmodesmata

Channels in plant cell walls for material exchange.

Cell Wall

Rigid structure providing shape and protection to plant cells.

Cellulose

Main component of plant cell walls, thicker than membranes.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Transport Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across membranes.

Channel Proteins

Transport proteins that form pores for specific molecules.

Carrier Proteins

Transport proteins that change shape to move molecules.

ATP

Energy molecule used in active transport processes.

Potassium Concentration

Higher inside animal cells compared to external environment.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport via transport proteins for specific molecules.

Small Ions

Molecules that benefit from facilitated diffusion rates.

Glucose

Polar molecule that requires facilitated diffusion to enter cells.

Carbon Dioxide

Nonpolar molecule that easily diffuses through membranes.

Ions

Charged particles that are polar and require transport proteins.

Aquaporins

Proteins facilitating water movement across membranes.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Chemical Gradient

Unequal ion concentration creating an electrical charge.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration of a specific molecule.

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with higher solute concentration than cell.

Solute Potential

Potential of a solution to draw water in.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement against concentration gradient.

ATP

Primary energy source for active transport processes.

Passive Transport

Molecule movement without energy, following gradients.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport aided by membrane proteins.

Compartmentalization

Separation of cellular processes into distinct areas.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for ATP production via respiration.

Cristae

Folds in mitochondria increasing surface area for reactions.

Chloroplasts

Organelles conducting photosynthesis in plant cells.

Thylakoids

Membrane structures in chloroplasts for light reactions.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Theory explaining origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Double Membrane

Two lipid bilayers surrounding mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines synthesizing proteins from RNA.

Circular DNA

DNA structure found in prokaryotic cells and organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with membrane-bound organelles and compartmentalization.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple cells without membrane-bound organelles.

Mutations

Changes in DNA affecting protein function and structure.