AP Biology- missed

how does cohesion help with water moving up trees

stick together= makes a column

how does adhesion help with water moving up trees

adhere to the plant vessels

how does capillary action help water in plants

rise against gravitu through narrow channels

biochemical processes that sustain life, all chemical reactions that occur on a organism

metabolism

macromolecules of a carb

CHOS

macromolecules of a protein

CHON / S

macromolecules of a lipid

CHO / P

macromolecules of a nucleic acid

CHONP

monomers to polymers

dehydration synthesis

polymer to monomer

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis is anabolic or catabolic

anabolic

hydrolysis is anabolic or catabolic

catabolic

parts of an amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and R group (side chain)

four levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

primary structure

linear sequence of acids

secondary structure

local folding of beta and alpha sheets

tertiary

3d folding from r group interactions

quaternary structure

many proteins come together

five functions of proteins

transport, recongize, movement, communication, enzyemes

two carbs for energy

glucose, fructose

two carbs for structure

cellulose and chitlin

why cant animals digest cellulose

no cellulase, which cant break beta bonds

which are soild room temp

sat fats

how many bonds do sat fats have

no double bonds

parts of a nucelotide

phosphate, pentose, nitrogenous base

phosphate - ___ side

hydroxyl - _____ side

5,3

which are purine

adenine and guanine

which are pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

which pentose sugar lacks an oxygen at the 2’ carbon

dna

what is involved in translation of the ribosome?

RNA

when dna is breaking, what breaks

sugar and phosphate

what buds off the trans face of the golgi complex

secretory vesicles

5 evidence for endoymbiosis theory

they have double membranes, their own dna, they can independently replicate, and they are a similar size to prokaryotes

what are ribosomes made out of

protein and rRNA

where are ribosomes

rough er and cytoplasm

what is the only organelle eukaryotes and prokaryotes share

ribosomes

what to ribosomes do for DNA

they read the gene instructions from mrna and make amino acids to polypeptide chains

rough er function

make proteins and modify them for secretion or use within the cell.

smooth er

makes fats, detoxes and calcium levels

what does the golgi apparatus ship and with what

lipids and proteins with secretory vesicles

lysosomes have _______ enzyemes

digestive / hydrolytic

which organelle helps with tugor pressure

vacole

where is the krebs cycle and what organelle

matrix, mitochondria

where is the etc and atp and what organelle

cristae, mitochondria

where is photosynthesis organelle

choloroplast

what are cell walls made of

polysaccrides

are carrier/channel and aquaporins active or passive

passive

two types of transport proteins

carrier and channel

why are transport proteins solute specfic

binding sites

prokaryote and eukaryote in common

dna, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

what would happen if the rough er malfunctioned

cant asemble proteins and send to golgi

vacuoles help osmoregulation how

water balance by pumping ions and causing molecules to move

what do the hydrophobic and hydrophillic r groups dictate

interactions

proteins 3d structure

function

what do the chemical properties r groups dictate

interactions and bonding of protein structure

folding patterns

what is this reaction

uncatalyzed endergonic

reaction that absorbs energy

endergonic

chemical reaction that releases energy.

exergonic

what is this

catalyzed exergonic

enzyemes are ____ and _____ specfic

substrate,condition

what must be compatible with an enzyemes active site? (of a substrate)

charge and shape

what will increase the rate of a reaction

substrate concentration and temperature

protein denaturation disrupts what structures?

2,3,4

what does denaturation do to an active site

destroys it so it cant bind

difference in energy from r to p in catalyzed vs uncatalyzed

the same

examples of exergonic reactions

atp hydroloysis and cellular respiration

how is energy from reactants than products in exergonic

higher

examples of endogonic reactions

atp formation, photosynthesis

how is energy from reactants than products in endergonic

lower

reactants for calvin cycle

carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH

products for calvin cycle

glucose, ADP, NADP+

reactant for light reaction

water, light energy, NADP+, ADP

product for light reaction

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

where does light reaction occur?

thylakoid membrane

where does calvin cycle occur

stroma of chloroplasts

electrochem gradient of hydrogen ions for atp

protons build up in tylakoid membrane

gradient is created

atp synthase makes energy to move

phosporlytes adp and pi

photophosphorlyation

photophosphorlyation

the process of using light energy to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP during photosynthesis.

coenzyeme nadph

where

role

what does it carry and to where

what does it help convert

photosynthesis

reducing agent

high energy electrons to calvin cycle

co2 to glucose

three phases of calvin

fixation

reduction

regeneration

calvin cycle turns to make glucose

6

etc reactants

oxygen, NADH, FADH2

etc products

water, ATP, NADH

glycolysis reactants

glucose, ATP, NAD+

glycolysis products

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

krebs cycle reactants

acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP

krebs cycle products

CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

where does krebs occur

mitochondrial matrix

where does etc take place, organelle

cristae of the mitochondria

cell respiration steps

glycolysis,

the Krebs cycle,

the electron transport chain

fermentation and cell resp. similar

glycolysis

in glycolysis, how is atp produced

substrate-level phosphorylation.

in etc, how is atp produced

oxidative phosphorylation

two sources of electrons for etc

nadh and fadh2

final electron acceptor to form what

oxygen to form water

what type of phosphorylation is photosynthesis

photophosphylation

what type of phosphorylation is cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

Where is photosynthesis embedded

thylakoid in the choloroplasts

Where is cellular respiration embedded

cristae

electron donor molecules in photosynthesis

h2o