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The Social Imagination
the ability to connect personal challenges to larger social issues
-coined by C. Wright Mills
-ex) Poverty → '“people are lazy” → not exactly
Sociological Sympathy
the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves
-coined by Harriet Martineau
Harriet Martineau
-argued for Sociological Sympathy
-First to provide a manual for studying society “How to Observe Morals and Manners”
W.E.B. Du Bois
-introduced the importance of using quantitative data
-argues for quantitative data , communicate the black community's experience in the world to a white audience
Emile Durkheim
-Made society into an object of empirical inquiry
-Coined the term Social Facts
-Contributed to the development of sociology
Social Facts
-products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual.
-ex) raising you hand in class
-Coined by Emile Durkheim
In-Depth Interviews
-a research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject
Laboratory Experiment
a research method that involves a test of a hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions
-allows for causal claims
Variable
any measurable phenomenon that varies
Control Group
the group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable
Experimental Group
the group in a laboratory experiment that undergoes the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable
Self Narrative
A story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves.
-built only partly on facts and written in collaboration with others
Looking-Glass Self
the self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us.
-coined by Charles Cooley (social psychology - individual and society)
creates self fulfilling prophecy
ex) inner city neighborhood kids told by community/teachers - all they ever do is wrong, might just be easier to do the things that they say because it’s easier
Self-Fulfilling prophecy
-believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn't originally true
Self Concept
-assessing all interactions we will have today based on what other people think about us
-relates to looking-glass self
Self-awareness
-the ability to be conscious of and able to reflect on one’s own existence
-failing the mirror test is not conclusive evidence that an animal isn’t self-aware
“I”
-the self, the subject of thought
-Coined by George Herbert Mead
-ex) the action, taking the selfie
“Me”
-the organized set of attitudes of others which one himself assumes
-coined by George Herbert Mead
-ex) recognizing that there are consequences for touching a random person’s head
Social Learning
-transmission of knowledge and practices from one individual to another via observation, instruction, or reward and punishment
Principles of Ethical Research
-pursuing projects that will benefit society and ensuring that those benefits substantially outweigh the risk of harm to research subjects
-informed consent
-confidentiality
-vulnerable populations
-institutional review boards
-professional ethics
Informed Consent
-central to minimizing the risk of harm is ensuring that all research subjects are consenting participants with a clear understanding of what their participation entails.
David MacLean
-the story of the self
-didn’t know who he was, story of self narrative, believed that he was a drug user in India because of what the police told him.
-reality he took medication which gave him amnesia, used his own self-narrative, believing what people told him
Quantitative Research
-involve examining numerical data with mathematics.
-coined by WEB Du Bois
tried to communicate facts about Black people to a racist audience
Qualitative Research
-involve careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data
-ex) in-person interviews, images, and text, or through observation. This kind of research is excellent for understanding how people feel, think, and behave.
Theory of Mind
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the recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others' mental states -developed as babies, same time self recognition -ex) gift giving, lies → telling involves trying to place false belief into the mind of an other , etc |
Specific others
unique individuals in our lives
coding
a process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant categories
causal claims
assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable
correlational claims
independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable but not in a way that can be proven causal
Culture
differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas
Social Construction
-with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them
-ex) tomato is a vegetable, dressing your age, language (sounds and what they represent)
Social Construct
an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space
Culture as value
the idea that we're socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong
-ex) Jimmy Kimmel → harness emotional response
Culture as rational
the idea that we're socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong
-ex) money paid back to safari, lion was old, etc.
Socialization
-the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures
1.) beliefs
2.) value
3.) norms
beliefs
ideas about what is true and false |
value
notions as to what's right and wrong
norms
shared expectations for behavior
Social network Analysis
mapping of social ties and exchanges between them
-The ties can be between people, like those between friends and acquaintances in any given high school. Or they can connect groups or organizations, like the ties between high schools with athletic teams that regularly compete against one another.
Ethnocentrism
the practice of assuming that one's own culture is superior to the cultures of others
-opposite of cultural relativism
Cultural Relativism
the practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgment -opposite of ethnocentrism |
Embodied
physically present and detectable in the body itself
Social Constructs
ex) race, gender,
an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space
Dual inheritance theory
parallel biological and cultural evolution, the notion that humans are products of the interaction of genetic and cultural evolution
Cultured capacities
our cultures influence us to acquire culturally specific skills
-learn to play soccer, sew, knit, etc
Cultured Competence
able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease
biosocial research methods
tools of sociological inquiry that investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones
social networks
webs of ties that link us to each other and, through other people's ties, to people to whom we're not directly linked
social ties
the connections between us and other people
Intersectionality
-Ways in which our identities overlap, intersects create how individuals experience the world and how they are perceived.
-recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities
-how oppression overlaps
-Anna Julia Cooper & Kimberle Crenshaw
blood quantum
a law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have at least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry
-By artificially shrinking the number of American citizens who could legally identify as American Indian, the government reduced its obligations.
-expanded the number of people who could be considered white
-Had ongoing social, political, economic, and legal ramifications
-created arbitrary racial distinctions
one-drop rule
the idea that anyone with any trace of Black ancestry should be considered Black
-replaced a previous system that assigned labels to people with multiracial identites
-Had ongoing social, political, economic, and legal ramifications
-created arbitrary racial distinctions
Controlling Images
persuasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify to uphold inequality
-coined by Patricia Hill Collins - black feminist discussing stereotypes about black women
Doing Identity
the active performance of social identities
-ex) acting age
social identities
the socially constructed categories and subcategories of people in which we place ourselves or are placed by others
ex) race, ethnicity, gender, citizenship
Status elites
people who carry many positively regarded social identities
status
high or low esteem
prejudice
attitudinal bias against individuals based on their membership in a social group
Content analysis
a research method that involves counting and describing patterns of themes in media
-usually used through text, allows us to analyze text in order to extract data that is beneficial to us
-cost efficient
Computational sociology
a research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data
Status beliefs
collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more or less deserving of esteem
stereotype
clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identities
gender
the ideas, traits, interests, and skills that we associate with being biologically male or female
sex
a reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction
psychological wage
a noneconomic good given to one group as a measure of superiority over other groups
-coined by web du bois
social identity theory
people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group membership into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize positive distinction and in-group success
race
-a social fact
-a socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagined biological differences
Minimal Group Paradigm
the tendency of people to form groups and actively distinguish themselves from others for the most trivial of reasons
Distinction
active efforts to affirm identities categories and place ourselves and others into their subcategories
Positive Distinction
the claim that members of our own group are superior to members of other groups
in-group bias
preferential treatment of members of our own group and mistreatment of others
How to socially construct an identity (steps)
1.) invent
2.) divide
3.) stereotype
4.) perform
5.) rank
signifiers
-things that stand for other things
-(Social Construct)
-emojis, thumbs up, diamond rings, the Christian cross
categories
-subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same
-(Social Construct)
-ex) “pets” (a subset of animals), “blue” (a subset of the spectrum), “blouses” (a subset of shirts)
binaries
categories we see as opposites or otherwise in opposition
-(social construct)
-ex) good and evil, friends and enemies, legal and illegal
associations
ideas that have nothing special in common expect for the fact that they’re connected by a third idea
-(social fact)
-rainbows and flags (LGBT), roses and diamonds (love), red and green (Christmas)
Sequences
ideas arranges into a specific chronological order
-(Social Construct)
-outline, draft, edit; hug, kiss, fondle: marry, buy a house, have kids
hierarchies
ideas placed into ranked relationships
-(Social Construct)
-Nordstroms is higher end than Kohl’s, mammals are more important than insects, it’s better to be young than old
Empirical Inquiry
society is something that can be explored or investigated through science
-coined by Emile Durkheim
social rules
culturally specific norms, places, and laws that guide our behaviors
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