Chpt. 29 Concepts of Personality Development

Big 5 Personality Traits

1. openness to experience

2. conscientiousness

3. extraversion

4. agreeableness

5. neuroticism/emotional instability

Heritable components of the big five personality traits are

40~60%

Frued believed the 3 main personality stuctures are

1. ig

2. ego

3. supergo

Id is responsible for

instinctual drives and the pleasure principle

Age that the id is present

at birth

This seeks to satisfy needs and achieve immediate gratification

the id

Ego is responsible for one’s

rational self and reality principle

Ego develops between

4~6 months

The ego is the mediator between the

external world, id, superego

The ego experiences the external world and

adapts and responds to its environment

The supergo is responsible for the

perfection principle

The superego develops at

3~6 yrs

Superego internalizes the

values and morals set forth by the primary caregiver

This is derived from system of reward and punishment

superego

This is formed by ‘good behavior’ that is rewarded

ego ideal

Conscience is formed by

‘bad behavior’ that is punished

Superego is significant in socialization because it assists

the ego in the control of id impulses

The conscious contains

all memories within one’s awareness

The smallest classification of mental contents and operations is

the conscious

The conscious is under the control of the

ego (rational and logical portion)

Preconscious consists of

all memories that may have been forgotten or one is not in present awareness of them, however they can be recalled readily

Preconscious functions to enhance

awareness by suppressing unpleasant or nonessential memories from consciousness

E.g. of conscious memories

1. birthdays

2. what one ate in the day

E.g. of preconscious memories

1. phone numbers one once knew but rarely use

2. feelings associated w. earlier life events

The preconscious is under control of the

superego (which assists in the supression)

Unconscious consists of

all memories that one can’t bring into conscious awareness

The largest classification of mental contents and awareness are

the unconscious

Unpleasant or nonessential memories that have been repressed can be retrievable via

therapy, hypnosis, or certain substances that can alter awareness

Libido

drive to fulfill basic physiological needs (refers to all psychic energy/force required for mental functioning)

Libido originates in the

id

Psychic energy formed the supergo by

diverting itself from the id to form the ego, which then creates the super go

This contains the most psychic energy

ego

Too much energy in the id can present itself in

increased impulsive behaviors

Too much energy in the ego can present itself as

self absorption/narcissism

Too much energy in the superego can present itself as

rigid/self deprecating behaviors

Cathexis

process b which id invests energy into an object in an attempt to achieve gratification

Anticathexis

use of psychic energy by the ego and superego to control id impulses

Stages of psychosexual development

1. oral

2. anal

3. phallic

4. latency

5. genital

Oral stage is from the ages of

birth ~ 18 months

Oral stage behavior is directed by the

id (focus of energy is the mouth)

During the oral stage, an infant experiences attachment b/c they

cannot differentiate the self from the maternal figure

Anal stage is from the ages

18 months ~ 3 yrs

Goal in the anal stage is to

gain independence and ocntrol w. a focus on excretory function

Phalic stage is from the ages

3 ~ 6 yrs

Phalic stage is the development of

sexual identity

Phallic stage is there ___ w. the parent of ___ begins

identification; same sex

Phallic stage is associated w. these complexes

oedipus and electra

Guilt arises during the phallic stage bc the __ emerges

superego

Guilt experienced during the phallic stage is only resolved when

one develops strong identification w. the parent of the same sex and internalizes their attitudes, beliefs, and value system

Latency stage is at ages

6 ~ 12 yrs old

During the latency stage, focus shifts from

ecogenctricism to interest in group activities, learning, and socialization

During the latency stage, there is the preference for relationships of

the same sex and possible rejection of the opposite sex

The genital stage is from the ages

13 ~ 20 yrs

The genital stage is marked by the reawakening of the

libidinal drive as the sexual organs mature

During the genital stage, there is focus on

relationships w. members of the opposite sex and prep. for selecting a mate

During the genital phase, interpersonal relationshpis are derived from

the interaction itself, rather than being self serving

Id behaviors are done by a pt if it

feels good to do it and they show little to no remorse for their unacceptable behavior

Ego behaviors reflect the

rational part of personality

Ego behaviors utilize ____ mechanisms to cope with and regain control over id impulses

defense

Superego behaviors are somewhat

uncompromising and rigid

Superego behaviors strive for

perfection based off of morality and societal values

Sullivan (interpersonal theory) believes that

behavior and personality development are a direct result of interpersonal relationships

Interpersonal theory states that all behavior is aimed at the relief or prevention of

anxiety

Interpersonal security

sensation associated w. relief of anxeity

Self systems

collection of experiences/security measures adopted by the individual to protect against anxiety

“good me” developes in response to

positive feedback from pimary caregiver

“bad me” developes in repsonse to

negative feedback

“not me” develops in response to

situations that produce intense anxiety

“not me” emotions e.g.

feelings of horror, awe, dread, loathing

Stages of personality development in Interpersonal Development Theory

1. infancy

2. childhood

3. juvenile

4. preadolescence

5. early adolescence

6. late adolescence

Infancy (Sullivan) major developmental task is

gratification of needs (which is accomplished via activity associated w. the mouth)

Infancy (Sullivan) is until the age of

birth ~ 18 months

Childhood (Sullivan) is from the age of

18 months ~ 6 yrs

Childhood (Sullivan) is where one learns that

delayed gratification can be acceptable

Juvenile (Sullivan) is from the ages of

6 ~ 9 yrs

Juvenile (Sullivan) is when the formation of

satisfactory relationships within the peer group occurs, which is accomplished by competition, compromise, cooperation

Preadolescence (Sullivan) is from the ages of

9 ~ 12 yrs

Preadolescence (Sullivan) is where one is tasked with

developing relationships with the same sex (ability to show love and affection begins)

Early adolescence (Sullivan) is from the ages

12 ~ 14 yrs

Early adolescence (Sullivan) task of formation is

creating satisfactory relationships w. members of the opposite sex or anyone they are attracted to

During early adolescence (Sullivan), one can struggle to develop

a sense of identity separate/independent from parents

Late adolescence (Sullivan) is from the ages

14 ~ 21 yrs

Late adolescence (Sullivan) consists of tasks associated with

attempts to achieve interdependence within a society and form lasting, intimate relationships w. selected members of the opposite sex

Erikson stages of personality development

1. trust vs mistrust

2. autonomy vs shame/doubt

3. initiative vs guilt

4. industry vs inferiority

5. identity vs role confusion

6. intimacy vs isolation

7. generativity vs stagnation or self absorption

8. ego integrity vs despair

9. transcendence

Trust vs mistrust task

to develop basic trust in mothering figure and learn to generalize it to others

Autonomy vs shame/doubt task

to gain self control and independence within environment

Initiative vs guilt task

to develop a sense of purpose and ability to initiative and direct one’s own activities

Industry vs inferiority task

achieve a sense of self confidence by learning, competing, performing, successfully, and receiving recognition from others

Identity vs role confusion task

integrate developmental tasks mastered in previous stages into a secure self of sense

Intimacy vs isolation task

form intense, lasting relationships/commitment to another person, cause, institution or creative effort

Generativity vs stagnation or self absorption task

achieve life goals established for one’s self while considering the welfare of future generations

Ego integrity vs despair task

review one’s life and derive meaning from positive and negative events while achieving a position sense of self

Transcendence task

develop a broader sense of meaning and spirituality that transcends the individual

Mahler theory of object relation stages of infant development

1. autistic phase

2. symbiotic phase

3. separation individuation (contains sub phase 1/2/3/4)

Phase 1; autistic phase focus

fulfillment of basic needs for survival and comfort

Phase 2; symbiotic focus the child views self as

extension of the mother, but also develops awareness that she is the one who fulfills their needs

Phase 3; separation individualization

the psychological birth of the child

Phase 3: sub phase 1; differentiation begins with

the child’s initial physical movements away from mother figure; this triggers primary recognition of separateness

Phase 3: sub phase 2; practicing

experience feelings of exhilaration from increased independence

Phase 3: sub phase 3; rapprochement

children become increasingly aware of separateness from maternal figure