biotechnology

biotechnology

the application of technology process, invention or method to living organisms: often agricultural, industrial or medical products to improve quality of life.

chemical, computer, enzymes

three tools used in genetic research

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

restriction sites

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme.

molecular scissors

Nickname for restriction enzymes due to cutting ability.

staggered cuts, base-pair with complementary sticky ends of other DNA fragments.

after being cut the DNA leaves sticky ends; more useful

straight across

after being cut the DNA ends are blunt

Gel electrophoresis

used to separate DNA fragments by size

shorter fragments

which size fragments go further

electrical currents

what current pulls the DNA through the gel

Polymerase chain reaction

a technique that quickly copies a desired segment of DNA

billions of copies of a specific sequence of DNA

what does PCR produce

DNA replication

what does PCR compare to

template DNA, DNA polymerase, A T C G nucleotides, two primers to serve as the starting point

what does PCR use

DNA fingerprinting

based on parts of an individuals DNA that can be used for identification (@ molecular level)

evidence, family trees, paternity, studying species, biodiversity

DNA fingerprinting uses

location

what is more important is DNA band- intensity or location

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

air pollution, diet, stress, exposure to toxins

environmental factors that can influence the epigenome

different bacteiras

which organism is the source of restriction enzymes

the DNA backbone

where does the restriction enzyme cut

to create billions of copies of DNA quickly

purpose of PCR

denaturation, annealing, extension

three step process of PCR

hot, cool, warmer

process of temperatures in PCR