AP Geo unit 5 study guide

Percent of people in LDCs

A high percentage work in agriculture because it is primarily subsistence based.

First Agricultural Revolution - What was it?

Shift from hunting/gathering to domestication of plants and animals.

First Agricultural Revolution - When?

About 10,000–12,000 years ago in multiple independent hearths.

Second Agricultural Revolution - What was it?

Improvements in tools, techniques, mechanization, and productivity.

Second Agricultural Revolution - When?

1700s–1800s during the Industrial Revolution.

Four Major Crop Hearth Regions

Southwest Asia; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Mesoamerica.

Value-added Goods

Processed goods that raise the sale price of raw farm products.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming to feed the farmer’s family; small plots, high labor.

Commercial Agriculture

Farming for sale/profit; large farms, machinery.

Loss of Farmland

Urban/suburban expansion converts farmland into development.

Protein Source in Developed Countries

Mainly meat (beef, pork, poultry).

Protein Source in Developing Countries

Cereal grains (rice, wheat, maize).

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases after 1492.

Why LDCs farm intensively & MDCs extensively

LDCs rely on labor; MDCs rely on land and machinery.

Global Supply Chain

Worldwide movement/production of agricultural goods.

Intensive Farming Characteristics

Small plots, high labor, high yield per acre.

Extensive Farming Characteristics

Large land, low labor per area, mechanized.

Pastoral Nomadism

Seasonal herding of animals.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement between mountain and lowland pastures.

Shifting Cultivation

Farm, move, and allow land to recover.

Slash-and-burn

Burn vegetation to clear and enrich land.

Fallow Land

Land left unplanted to restore nutrients.

Shifting Cultivation Land Area

Large land area but supports few people.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

High labor on small plots; common in Asia.

Double Cropping

Two harvests per year on the same land.

Crop Rotation

Rotating crops to preserve soil nutrients.

Intertillage

Manual clearing of rows with hoes or rakes.

Plantation Agriculture

Large cash-crop farms in developing regions.

Mixed Crop & Livestock

Crops feed livestock; livestock provide manure.

Commercial Gardening / Truck Farming

Fruit/vegetable production for urban markets.

Dairy Farming - Milkshed

Zone supplying milk to a city.

Grain Farming

Wheat and cereal production in dry interiors.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Olives, grapes, citrus in warm coastal climates.

Livestock Ranching

Grazing animals over large drylands.

Challenges in MDC Farming

Overproduction and low profit margins.

von Thünen Model

Land use based on transport & land cost.

Green Revolution

High-yield seeds + fertilizers + irrigation.

Who Green Revolution Helped

Developing countries facing food shortages.

GM Crops

Engineered for yield, pest resistance.

Why Some Cultures Avoid Pork

Muslims and Jews for religious reasons.

Argentinian Ranchers

Raise cattle on the pampas.

Sustainable Agriculture

Environmentally friendly, long-term farming.

Organic Farming

Grown without synthetic chemicals.

Logger Replanting Trees

Example of sustainable resource use.

King Corn - Subsidies

Corn subsidies lower prices, hurt LDC farmers.