ap human eoy test

vocab from units 5 through 7

agribusiness

large-scale commercial farming that produces, processes, and distributes agricultural products

assembly line

manufacturing process in which a product is assembled in a sequential manner as it moves along a conveyor belt or production line

barter

the exchange of goods without money

bedroom communities

residential areas where people live but mainly commute to work elsewhere

cash crop

crop grown for sale rather than for personal consumption

city

urban settlement incorporated into an independent self-governing unit

commercial agriculture

large-scale, profit-driven agricultural production involving the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sale in markets

conurbation

extended urban areas, typically formed by merging several cities

counter-urbanization

movement of people from urban to rural areas

desertification

process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive, often due to human activities

disamenity area

city marked by extreme poverty and social problems

ecotourism

tourism that focuses on visiting natural areas and promoting conservation, environmental education, and sustainable development

edge city

suburban centers of economic and social activity on the outskirts of a larger city

export-processing zone (epz)

term for small areas within a country that are granted favorable investment and trading conditions to attract industries

feedlot

place for livestock where they are fed until slaughter

fertilizers

substances added to soil or plants to promote growth and enhance soil fertility

fordism

mass production and consumption system characterized by standardized products, assembly-line manufacturing, and relatively high wages for workers

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

genetic material has been altered to enhance crop traits in soybeans and corn

gross national income (gni)

total income earned by a country’s residents, including domestic and foreign sources, minus any income earned by foreign residents

industrial belt

region with concentrated industrial activity, often marked by interconnected cities and towns

informal sector

part of the economy that operates outside of formal regulations and often includes unregistered businesses, self-employment, and casual labor

intensive agriculture

agricultural practices that involve high inputs per unit of land

just-in-time manufacturing

production strategy that aims to minimize inventory costs by delivering parts or materials to the production line exactly when needed

market gardening

small-scale production of vegetables, fruits, and flowers

metacity

city with over 20 million people

mixed crop and livestock farming

farming that involves both the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock

pastoral nomads

subsistence farming in which herders move their livestock in search of grazing land in semi-arid and arid deserts

primary sector

the sector of the economy concerned with extracting raw materials from the natural environment, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing

primate city

largest city in a country — often much bigger than the second-largest city

rust belt

region characterized by the decline of manufacturing and marked by abandoned factories

squatter settlement

temporary, inadequate, and illegal informal housing

technopoles

regions or urban areas characterized by a concentration of high-technology industries, research institutions, and skilled labor

truck farming

involves commercial production of vegetables for local and distant markets

urban area

a central city with continuously developed areas

yield

the amount of crops produced per unit of land