Molecules of Life- Biology 2

Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

Molecules that Contain Carbon and Hydrogen

Macromolecule

Molecules Joined Together

Monomer

One-Part

Organic Molecule that Exists Individually

Ex: Monosaccharide, Amino Acid, Nucleotide, and Fatty Acids

Polymer

Many-Parts

Formed by Combining Monomers

Ex: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and lipids

Dehydration Reaction

Water is Taken Out, Combines Monomers to Polymers

Hydrolysis Reaction

Water is Added, Breaks Apart Compounds

Carbohydrates

Made From Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)

CHO

All Carbs Have H:O Ratio 2:1

Monosaccharides

Sugars With 3-7 Carbon Atoms

Ex: Pentose-5, Hexose-6, Heptose-7

3 Hexose Sugars

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Isomer

Molecules with Same Formula but Different Structures

Disaccharides

Polymers that Contain 2 Monosaccharides

Ex: Maltrose, Sucrose, Lactose

Polysaccharides

Polymers that Contain Many Glucose Molecules

Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Starch

The Storage Form of Glucose in Plants

Glycogen

The Storage Form of Glucose in Animals

Cellulose

Found in Cell Walls of Plants

Lipids

Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Diverse in Structure and Function and Doesn’t Dissolve in Water (Hydrophobic)

Ex) Fats and Oils, Phospholipids, and Steroids

Fats

Animal Origin, Solid at Room Temperature

Oils

Plant Origin, Liquid at Room Temperature

Triglycerides

1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

Triglycerides-Monomer Fats and Oils-Polymers

Fatty Acids

Hydrocarbon Chain, Ends with Acidic or Carboxyl Group (COOH)

Saturated Fatty Acids

No Double Covalent Bonds Between Carbon Atoms

More Hydrogen

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

1 or More Double Covalent Bonds Between Carbon Atoms

Less Hydrogen

Phospholipids

Comprised of 2 Fatty Acids and a Phosphate Group

Used to Make Cell Membrane

Forms a Bilayer with Hydrophobic (Water-Hating) inside and Hydrophilic (Water-Loving) outside

Steroids

Has a Backbone of 4 Fused Carbon Rings

Proteins

Elements Present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Polymers Comprised of Amino Acid Monomers

Amino Acids

Comprised of an Amino Group (NH2), Acidic or Carboxyl Group (COOH)n and a Varied R Group

Peptide

Single Chain of Amino Acids

Dipeptide

2 Amino Acids Bonded Together

Polypeptide

Many Amino Acids Bonded Together

Peptide Bond

Bond That Joins Amino Acids Together

Denature

When a Protein Loses Its Structure and Function Due to Heat or pH

Protein Organization

Final Shape of a Protein is Very Important to its Function. Losing it causes it to not Function Properly

Levels of Protein Organization

Primary- Sequence of Amino Acids

Secondary- H Bonding Between Amino Acids

Tertiary- Covalent Bonds Between R Groups, Globular in Shape

Quartieri- 2 Polypeptides Combined Together

Nucleic Acid

Elements: CHONP

Two types: DNA, RNA

Nucleotides → Nucleic Acid

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Stores Genetic Information in the Cell

Double Helix is Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Carries Information from DNA to Make Proteins

Types of RNA

mRNA- Messenger

tRNA- Transfer

rRNA- Ribosomal

Monomers of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides

DNA and RNA are Polymers of Nucleotides

Components of a Nucleotide

Phosphate

Pentose Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose)

Nitrogen Containing Base

Differences Between DNA and RNA

DNA has a Deoxyribose Sugar | RNA has a Ribose Sugar

DNA has a Thymine Base | RNA has an Uracil Base

DNA is a Double Stranded Helix | RNA is only Single Stranded

Similarities Between DNA and RNA

Both have Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine Bases

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Base Pairing

Adenine Always Pairs With Thymine

Cytosine Always Pairs With Guanine

Adenine = Thymine in DNA

Cytosine = Guanine

Uracil Replaces Thymine in RNA

Pyrimidine

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Purine Pairs

Adenine and Guanine

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

The Energy “Currency” of in the Cell. One Phosphate is Removed and Energy is released, Turning ATP to ADP.

ATP ←→ ADP + P Energy