Human development exam 3

What is the most common pathway to dying?

Death as a result of having a chronic disease

When does death often occur slowly?

Death in affluent countries

What was the result of death before modern medicine?

Death arrived quickly and was embedded in daily life

What was the result of death when medical science started?

Death relocated to old age and hospitals

What is functional death?

Heartbeat and breathing have ceased

What is brain death?

All signs of brain activity have ceased

End of life care instruction?

Courses that cover pain maintenance, ethics of withdrawing treatment, etc.

What is palliative care?

Services in a hospital or home care program that provide pain and symptom control. Can still get cure-oriented treatment.

Home hospice care?

Trained caregivers who offer sensitive end-of-life care at home, plus family support. Does not include attempts to cure the person dying.

What is advance directive?

A document spelling out instructions for life-prolonging treatment if the person becomes irretrievably ill and cannot communicate their wishes

Living will?

People who spell out their wishes for life-sustaining treatment should they become permanently incapacitated

Durable power of attorney for health care?

People designate a specific surrogate to make health care decisions if they become incapacitated.

Do not resuscitate order(DNR)?

If the person’s breathing or heart stops efforts should not be made to revive them

What is passive euthanasia?

withholding potentially life-saving interventions that might keep a terminally ill or permanently comatose person alive

What is active euthanasia?

A deliberate health care intervention that helps a person die

What is physician-assisted death?

A doctor prescribes a lethal medication to a terminally ill person who wants to die

Denial(shock) in the dying process?

People resist the idea that they are going to die

Anger(emotion) in the dying process?

People direct anger around them

Bargaining in the dying process?

People try to negotiate their way out of death

Depression in the dying process?

People who are overwhelmed with a deep sense of loss

Acceptance (increased self-reliance) in the dying process?

People that have made peace with their death

What is Middle knowledge included in the dying process?

People can know(cognitively) that they are dying yet not come to terms with the fact (emotionally).

Bereavement process?

acknowledgement of the fact that one has experienced

Grief process?

emotional response to one’s loss

What happens when their is a death of a child for a parent?

The death of a child often produces profound grief, guilt, and anger.

What is the most frequent cause of death in childhood?

The most frequent cause is an accident

How old are children when they fully understand death?

4-10

Universality

All living things eventually die. begins development before age 5

Irreversibility

The body cannot be made alive again. Develops shortly after universality

Nonfunctionally

After death, one’s capabilities cease. Develops around 5-6

Causality

Many factors cause death. Develops by age 6-7

Noncorporeal continuity

A number of environmental and cultural aspects influences beliefs about the afterlife.

How is death often discussed?

By using metaphors that can undermine children’s biological understanding of death.

Child life specialist?

Healthcare professional providing bereavement support by helping families navigate grief and loss.

Eriksons psychosocial theory: Mature age 65+

Achieve a task in a life well spent

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Older adults become increasingly selective about the goals and activities in which they invest

In late adulthood, who do we center our life on?

Center on those we love most

Which age group is, on average, the happiest? Why?

Late adults. Recognizing they have less time left, older adults invest their time and attention in the parts of their lives that bring joy

How long does grandparenting generally last?

The average length is 30 years

Involved grandparenting

Actively engaged grandparents

Grandparent Companionate

Relaxed supporter grandparents

remote grandparenting

Detached distant grandparents

What is predicted for Grandparent involvement?

Living closer, Grandmothers being there more than grandfathers, and the age of the grandchildren

Caregiving grandparents

Take full responsibility for raising their grandchildren

What is the amount of children that have grandparents as there primary caregiver?

About 1 in 10 American children

Long term partnerships in late adulthood?

The majority of people who are still married in late adulthood report that they are satisfied with their marriages.

What is the percentage of wives who outlive their husbands?

70 % of wives

What is the most traumatic change for a late adulthood?

The death of a partner

What can happen after a year your spouse has passed?

Most people begin to remake a satisfying new life

What is the most acute pain in late adulthood from loss of partner?

Loneliness

Continuing care retirement communities?

Residential complexes with care that adapts as a person’s needs change

Home health services

Help people age in a place that is at home

Day care programs

provides a place for older people to go while family members work

Nursing homes or long-term care facilities?

Provide shelter and services to people who require 24-hour caregiving help

Reasons why to choose a nursing home?

General environment, Staff, and Residents.

What is the Wechsler adult intelligence scale?

An assessment of a person’s intellectual functioning at different ages

Protective factors of intelligence in late adulthood are?

Engaging in cognitively complex work, having good health, exercising, social interactions, and bilingualism.

What begins to decline really quickly in late adulthood?

Your memory

What is the information processing approach for memory?

Working memory that declines in old age, which leads to trouble screening out irrelevant information

Memory systems approach include?

Three types of memory: Procedural, semantic, and episodic memory

What is Procedural memory?

Information that we automatically remember without conscious thought: For example, driving a car and typing on a keyboard

What is semantic memory?

Our fund of basic facts. For example, knowing who the first president was, the capital of Minnesota, and the color of your car

What is episodic memory?

Memory for the ongoing events of our daily life. For example, what you had for dinner last night and where you parked

What memory in late adulthood is the most vulnerable and most affected?

Episodic memory

Which memory in late adulthood is long lasting?

Procedural memory

What is a major neurocognitive disorder?

A broad term for a range of serious and progressive cognitive losses

Early stages of major neurocognitive disorder include?

Semantic information and executive functions

The mid-stage of major neurocognitive disorder includes?

Abstract thinking, language abilities, and judgement

Late stage of major neurocognitive disorder include what?

Complete loss and infectious diseases

How long do people live after they are diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder?

On average, people live 4 to 8 years after diagnosis

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

Impairments in the network of arteries feeding into the brain

What are the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder?

Speed of thinking and problem-solving skills

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Neurons wither and are replaced by neurofibrillary tangles and plaques

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Forgetting recent events or conversations

Social Security in retirement

The U.S. government’s national retirement support program Starts at age 67.

Private pensions and personal savings

Other and increasingly critical supports for retirement

What happens when people decide to retire intentionally?

People who retire intentionally and with adequate economic resources are more likely to be satisfied with retirement life

What are some reasons for retirement satisfaction?

Having a generative plan and a supportive partner are also key to retirement satisfaction.

Late adulthood starts around what age?

Starts around age 65. Gradual transition from full strength to concerns about illness

Two main theories of why aging happens

Genetic programming theories of aging and wear and tear theories of aging

Genetic programming theories of aging

Our DNA contains a genetically predetermined limit after which human cells can no longer divide, and the body deteriorates

Wear and tear theories of aging

The mechanical functions of the body wear out, resulting in deterioration

Physical transitions in late adulthood

Decreasing sensitivity to taste and smell

What slows down in late adulthood?

Rection time

Peripheral slowing hypothesis

less efficient peripheral nervous system with age

generalized slowing hypothesis

less efficient processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, with age

Aging and health in late adulthood

Incidence of chronic disease rises with age: diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Older adults who recover more slowly

Are older adults likely to get a chronic health condition?

Yes, most older adults have at least one chronic health condition, and 75% have at least two chronic conditions

Primary aging in late adulthood

Universal and irreversible changes resulting from genetic programming. Expect it to happen to everyone, no matter what

Secondary aging

Changes resulting from disease, environmental, and lifestyle factors. They might have it to some people, but not to others.

Late adulthood sleep schedules

Older adults tend to go to sleep and wake up earlier

Ideas to create a better person environment fit given physical changes in late adulthood

Vision (glasses, and limit in non-ideal conditions) and Hearing (hearing aids, speaking clearly, and limit background noise).

Are late adults still sexually active to this day? If so, what are the reasons?

Many people are sexually active well into their 80’s and 90’s. Reasons include physical and mental health, and previous regular sexual activity

Erikson’s psychosocial theory adulthood age

30 to 65 years. create something for future generations

When does a quarter-life crisis occur?

Happens around 35

Narrative psychology

Development of the self is a continuous process of constructing one’s life story

What are construct generativity scripts associated with?

Associated with well-being

Identity process theory

Identity schemes of one’s building blocks

Identity assimilation

Holding on to one’s view of themselves in the face of new experiences that do not fit

Identity accommodation

Adjusting identity schemas to fit these new experiences