[PL 2.4] BACTERIAL GENETICS

What three components make up a DNA nucleotide?

DNA Structure

What is the DNA base pairing rule?

Base Pairing

What term describes DNA strands running in opposite directions?

Antiparallel

What nucleic acid is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine?

RNA

Which RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?

mRNA

Which RNA is a structural component of the ribosome?

rRNA

Which RNA brings amino acids during protein synthesis?

tRNA

What is the process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template?

Transcription

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

RNA Polymerase

What is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA called?

Translation

What is a three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid?

Codon

What is the complementary sequence on tRNA that matches the mRNA codon?

Anticodon

Which type of gene is always expressed and needed for essential cell functions?

Constitutive Gene

Which type of gene is expressed only under specific conditions?

Inducible Gene

Which type of gene is usually active but can be turned off?

Repressible Gene

What is the name of the essential, circular DNA molecule in bacteria?

Bacterial Chromosome

What is the name of the non-essential, circular DNA molecule that often carries resistance genes?

Plasmid

What DNA element can replicate independently and be transferred via conjugation?

Plasmid

What mobile DNA element can insert into various genome sites and disrupt function?

Insertion Sequence

What mobile DNA segment carries resistance genes and moves between plasmids and chromosomes?

Transposon

What is the term for changes in DNA sequence that may alter protein products?

Mutation

What type of mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide base?

Point Mutation

What mutation results from insertion or deletion that shifts the codon frame?

Frameshift Mutation

Which mutation does not affect the amino acid due to redundancy in the code?

Silent Mutation

What genetic process increases adaptability and introduces new gene combinations?

Genetic Recombination

What is the process by which bacteria take up free DNA from their surroundings?

Transformation

What bacteria are naturally competent for transformation?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What is the term for bacterial gene transfer via bacteriophage?

Transduction

Which bacterium produces a toxin only after phage infection?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What is the process of gene transfer through direct contact between bacteria?

Conjugation

What example demonstrates plasmid transfer via conjugation?

F+ cell transferring plasmid to F- cell

Gene conferring oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

mecA

Genes conferring penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae

pbp 1a and pbp 1b

Genes conferring beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative organisms

tem, shv, oxa, ctx-m

Genes conferring vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus

vanA, vanB, vanC, vanD, vanE, vanG

Genes conferring quinolone resistance in Salmonella

gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE

Gene conferring isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

katG, inhA

Gene conferring rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

rpoB