Module 2 Notes

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 50

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

51 Terms

1
What makes an investigation credible and reliable?

if it is based on empirical evidence, peer-reviewed globally to reduce bias, and continuously reviewed using the scientific method.

New cards
2
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Statement 1
All matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms.
New cards
3
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Statement 2
All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.
New cards
4
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Statement 3
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
New cards
5
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Statement 4
Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more atoms in definite arrangements in the ratio of small whole numbers.
New cards
6
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Statement 5
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
New cards
7
What did Crookes Experiment involve?

experiments with cathode ray tubes, noting that a shadow appeared on the positive electrode, leading to the conclusion that particles were traveling from negative to positive.

New cards
8
How did Thomson’s work expand upon Crookes?

more detailed understanding of cathode rays and calculated the charge ratio for negatively charged particles, naming them electrons and developing the plum pudding model.

New cards
9

What was Rutherford's experiment?

fired alpha particles at gold foil, expecting them to pass through, but instead observed deflections indicating that the atom is mostly empty space and contains a dense nucleus with protons.

New cards
10
What did Chadwick discover in Chemistry?

identified the neutron, a subatomic particle with approximately the same mass as a proton but no charge, substantiating Rutherford’s hypothesis.

New cards
11
What is the current model of the atom?

consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in 3-dimensional orbitals surrounding it.

New cards
12
How can particles become ions?

when they gain or lose electrons; losing electrons makes them more positive, while gaining electrons makes them negative.

New cards
13
What are groups on the periodic table?

vertical columns on the periodic table, also known as families, with elements in the same group displaying similar properties.

New cards
14
Where are metals located on the periodic table?

found in groups 1-12 on the left side of the periodic table.

New cards
15
What are the physical properties of metals?

shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

New cards
16
What are the physical properties of nonmetals?

dull, brittle, and poor conductors of heat and electricity, located on the right side of the periodic table.

New cards
17
What do we know about an atom if we know the atomic number?

indicates the identity of the atom and the number of protons.

New cards
18
What does the atomic mass tell us?

indicates the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

New cards
19
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Carbon-12?

has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons.

New cards
20
What is required for an atom to be electrically neutral?

when the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

New cards
21
What is the quantum model of the atom?

introduces orbitals as complex, 3-dimensional shapes representing locations where electrons are likely to be found.

New cards
22
Where are negatively charged subatomic particles found?

are always found outside the nucleus of an atom.

New cards
23
What is the electron configuration of Argon?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6.

New cards
24
How are photons defined?

is a quantum of energy, representing a specific packet of energy.

New cards
25
How are energy, wavelength, and frequency related?

are directly related; as one increases, so does the other, while wavelength is inversely related to both.

New cards
26
What happens when an atom is placed in a flame?
Valence electrons gain energy, causing them to jump to higher energy levels, leading to the emission of light when they return to lower levels.
New cards
27
What is meant by ground state electrons?

are in their lowest energy levels and natural state.

New cards
28
What is an excited state electron?

is one that has absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy level.

New cards
29
What happens during an electron transition from n=3 to n=4?

absorbs a photon of energy to transition

New cards
30
What is Hund’s Rule?

every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any orbital is doubly occupied.

New cards
31
Is the configuration 1s2 2s3 2p6 reasonable?

the 2s sublevel can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

New cards
32
What does the principal quantum number represent?

indicates the energy level of electrons and ranges from 1 to 7.

New cards
33
What happens to an ion compared to its atom upon losing electrons?

the corresponding ion is smaller than the original atom.

New cards
34
Where do the most reactive metals occur on the periodic table?

located in the bottom left corner of the periodic table.

New cards
35
What is the trend for electronegativity across a period?

increases from left to right across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge.

New cards
36
What is the trend for electron affinity across a period?

values become more negative as you go from left to right across a period.

New cards
37
How do electron radii of Ca and Ca2+ compare?
Ca2+ is smaller than Ca because it loses its outermost two electrons.
New cards
38
How do electronegativity and atomic radius relate?

Electronegativity increases as atomic radius decreases across a period.

New cards
39
What happens to ionic radius when gaining electrons?

makes the ion larger than its respective atom.

New cards
40
Which elements typically have the highest electronegativity?

Halogens, particularly fluorine

New cards
41

What happens to ionic radius when gaining electrons?

increases the ion's size compared to the atom.

New cards
42

What are isotopes?

are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

New cards
43

What is a chemical bond?

is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

New cards
44

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

New cards
45

What is an alkali metal?

are highly reactive metals found in group 1 of the periodic table, with one electron in their outermost shell.

New cards
46

What is a transition metal?

are elements found in groups 3-12 of the periodic table, known for their ability to form variable oxidation states and colored compounds.

New cards
47

What is a covalent compound?

is formed when two or more nonmetals share electrons to achieve stability.

New cards
48

What are noble gases?

are elements in group 18 of the periodic table that are inert and rarely react with other elements due to having full valence shells.

New cards
49

What does the octet rule state?

states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight electrons in their valence shell, achieving stability.

New cards
50

What is a supersaturated solution?

is a solution that contains more solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature.

New cards
51

What are the types of mixtures?

homogeneous (uniform composition) and heterogeneous (non-uniform composition).

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
312 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 38 people
379 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 21 people
759 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 56 people
798 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 411 people
345 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
898 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (147)
studied byStudied by 56 people
850 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 16 people
87 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (90)
studied byStudied by 26 people
422 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 5 people
395 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (297)
studied byStudied by 602 people
832 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (26)
studied byStudied by 3 people
815 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (42)
studied byStudied by 11 people
548 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 7 people
638 days ago
5.0(1)
robot