bio lab 6, chapter 7 and 8

What kingdom do fungi belong to?

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom fungi includes?

Phylum Zygomycota (molds)

Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Phylum Basidomycota (club fungi)

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

Heterotrophic

how do fungi differ and alike from plants and animals

UNLIKE: fungi= heterotrophic, fungal wallcomposed of chitin instead of celluose

LIKE: fungi are imobile, have fruiting bodies, consist of cellsand wall

What material makes up fungal cell walls?

Chitin

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

By absorbing them using enzymes

how does a fungus digest food

outside its body by secreting powerful digestive enzumes into the food that decomp\ose complex molecules to similar compounds that the fungus can absorb

what does molecular data suggest about fungi?

molecular data suggests that fungi evolved from a unicellular flagellated protist (an opisthokont) in the Supergroup Unikonta. Only one fungal group (the aquatic chytrids) have

retained their flagellum.

What structure makes up the body of multicellular fungi?

Hyphae

What is a mycelium?

A network of hyphae, braching network of filaments forms that mass

What are unicellular fungi called?

Yeasts

How do fungi reproduce?

Sexually and asexually using spores

how are spores produced

by gametangia within the phyphae

when it produces asexually how does it do it

via budding and fragmentation of individual cells

how does mushroom arise

mushroom (fruiting body) arises from an underground mycelium and mainly function in reproduction

pops up above ground to disperse spores

molds produce?

haploid spores by mitosis and from visible mycellium

intead of producing spores, yeasts?

reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the pinching of bud cells from parent cell

what lifestyle do fungi posess

Decomposers

Parasites

Mutualists

Decomposer

Fungi recype chemical elements back to envioemnt

Mutualist

Fungi form mycorrhizae (fungal root association)

Fungi and photosythetic organisms form lichens

What is Phylum Zygomycota commonly known as?

Molds

What is an example of a zygomycete?

Rhizopus (bread mold)

Most of Phlym Zygomycota are?

decomposers

Zygomyetes consist of

coenocytic (having multiple nuclei) hyphae filament

What is a sporangium?

A structure that produces spores

What is a sporangiophore?

A stalk that supports the sporangium,released spores that can grow a new hyphae filament

Hyphae are

thin, branching multicellular filaments of fungal bodies.

spores

contained either within the sporangia or outside of the sporangia on the slide.

What is Phylum Ascomycota known as?

Sac fungi

contains more than?

65000 species found in marine, freshwater, and terresial

Ascomyetes can be

unicellular or multicellular

Some ascomycetes are found in

symbiotic releationsip with algae forming lichens

What structure produces spores in ascomycetes?

Asci

asci

All ascomycetes produce spores from sac-like structures called asci (singular "ascus") which is why they are commonly referred to as sac fungi.

What is an ascocarp?

The fruiting body of sac fungi

Ascocarps develop?

following sexual reproduction, releasing haploid spores called ascospores.

when ascophores can germinate what do they develop into

mycelia

What are conidia?

Asexual spores produced by ascomycetes, conidophores release this

conidophores

Hyphae in Penicillium can produce asexually by forming branch-like hypha called conidiophores

example of a unicellular ascomycete

bakers yeast

can only reproduce asexually via a type of cell division called budding.

yeast

What is Phylum Basidiomycota known as?

Club fungi

club fungi includes?

mushroom, puffballs, and shelf fungi

club fungi gets the name from?

basidia

Basidia produces?

haploid basidophores folliwng sexual reproduction

what do not occur in club fungi

asexual produced spores

What is a basidiocarp?

The fruiting body (mushroom), respond in envoromental stimuli, mycelium produced sexually producing this

most badiomycetes are

decomposers

What is the stalk of a mushroom called?

Stipe

What is the cap of a mushroom called?

Pileus

Where are spores produced in mushrooms?

Gills

fungi can form?

mutualistic relationships with plants, animals, bacteria, and algae.

A lichen is a

symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic microorganisms (usually unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus, most often a sac fungus (Phylum Ascomycota)

where are lichens componay found

trees and rocks

algae and fungus relationshp is

mutualism

the fungus is thought to obtain nutrition from the

sugars produced by the algae or cyanobacterium, and the fungus provides the algae or cyanobacterium with nutrients and a suitable habitat.

Lichens are classified based upon their

growth forms (morphophytes)

What are the three lichen growth forms?

Crustose (encrusting lichen)

foliose (leaf like lichen)

fruticose (shrub like lichen)

What kingdom do animals belong to?

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia includes?

Phylum Proifera (sponges)

Phylum Cnidaria (cinarians)

Phlym Cnidaria includes?

-class hyrozoa (hydras)

- class scphyozoa (jellyfish)

- class anthozoa (anemones and corals)

Are animals multicellular or unicellular?

Multicellular

How do animals obtain nutrients?

By ingestion

Where are they found

Animals can be found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

Do animal cells have cell walls? instread

No, stead supported by a

cytoskeleton composed of protein fibers.

which stage are animals in during sexual reporction

Most animals reproduce sexually in which the diploid

stage is the dominant stage.

What are the closest relatives of animals?

Choanoflagellates, flagellates protists in supergroup unikonta

Choanoflagellateshave a remarkably similar structure to the

flagellated cells (choanocytes) found in sponges.

Three major features of animal body plans are

symettry,tissues, body cavity

What are the three main types of symmetry?

Asymmetry, radial, bilateral

What is asymmetry?

No body symmetry

What is radial symmetry?

Body arranged around a central axis

What is bilateral symmetry?

Body divided into left and right halves

What is cephalization?

Concentration of sensory organs in the head

top, botton, front, back

dorsal, ventral, anterior, posteror

What are the three germ layers?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

ectoderm

layer covering the

embryo's surface,

endoderm

innermost layer gives rise to lining of digestine tract

mesoderm

fills the space between the ectoderm and the

endoderm and gives rise to muscular and connective tissues

What is a diploblastic animal?

Has two germ layers

What is a triploblastic animal?

Has three germ layers

What is a coelom?

A body cavity

What is an acoelomate?

An animal with no body cavity, between digestive tract and outer body wall

euceolomates

true coelom dervides of mesodermal tissue

What is a pseudocoelomate?

oelom that is derived from both the endoderm and mesoderm

What phylum are sponges in?

Porifera

Do sponges have true tissues?

No

Are sponges symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Asymmetrical

What is the function of ostia?

Allow water to enter

What is the function of the osculum?

Allows water to exit

adult sponges are

benthic (bottom dwelling) and sessile (attached to object

monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal

mesohyl

body wall of sponge, consists of two layers of cells curroudning spongocoel

What is the spongocoel?

The central cavity

What do choanocytes do?

Flaggelated cells that help Move water and trap food through ostia and out osculum

What do amoebocytes do?

Digest and transport nutrients

What are spicules?

Hard skeletal structures, made from caco3 or silica

What is spongin?

A soft protein skeleton

What phylum includes jellyfish, corals, and hydra?

Cnidaria

What type of symmetry do cnidarians have?

Radial symmetry, dibloblastic (contain ecto and endo) with a acoelomate body plan, and gastrovascular cavity