Geography Case Studies

What are the causes of flooding in Bangladesh

- 3 big rivers

- Low land

- Monsoons and storms

L3 point for 3 big rivers

The ganges river

L3 point for Low land

Nearly 75% sits below sea level

L3 point for monsoons

2000- 4000 mm average rainfall per monsoon in Bangladesh

What are the opportunities from flooding

-Pumpkin farming

-Fish farming

-Fertile soils

L3 point for Pumpkin farms

Pumpkins in Bangladesh have double the yield then normal farming and can be grown on sanbanks

L3 point for Fish farming

Artificial lakes are created to capture the abundant freshwater shrimp

L3 point for Fertile soils

54% rely on agriculture and the soils are mainly silt and alluvium

What are the impacts of the floods in Bangladesh

- Harm to people

- Debt

- Crops washed away

L3 harms people

- 55% of children under 5 are underweight likely due to flooding

- 100-1000 people die each year because of the floods

L3 debt

1/3 flooded families pushed below the poverty line

L3 crops washed away

6.4% of crops washed away and more become worse quality and sell for less

What are the management schemes for flooding implemented in Winchester

- Sandbags

-Raising the floors of flooded buildings

- Deliberately flooding fields

L3 sandbags

5700 sandbags on water lane

L3 raising the floors

St Bedes school

L3 flooding fields

Winchester college flooded fields further down the river to reduce pressure in the river

What were the impacts of Tohoku

-loss of life

- destruction of buildings

-Loss of power (Fukushima)

L3 loss of life

-20 000 people died in total and an estimated 10 000 of 17 000 people died in Minamisanriku

L3 destruction of infrastructure

95% of Minamisanriku destroyed due to the tsunami

L3 loss of power

The tsunami went over the 6 meter high sea wall and eventually caused the second worst nuclear power disaster

Why did the Tohoku earthquake happen

- Tectonically active area

- On the boundary of 4 plates

- Destructive plate boundary

L3 tectonically active area

- The pacific plate moves towards japan at 90 mm a year

L3 on the boundary of 4 plates

Japan is situated at the cross road of the pacific, Philippine, north American and Eurasian plates

Destructive boundary

As a result of this destructive boundary japan sees 30 000 minor earthquakes a year

What were the impacts of Volcano

-Loss of homes and life

-Migration abroad

- Exclusion zone

L3 loss of homes and abroad

19 people killed and 100's made homeless

L3 Migration abroad

9000 people left abroad (2/3 of the island)

L3 exclusion zone

2/3 of the island is empty due to the volcano and in 2012 many thought that the whole island would need to be evacuated

Causes of Deforestation in the Amazon

-Mining

-Cattle farming

-Road Building

L3 Mining

50 000 hectares in the amazon used for mining today

L3 Road Building

1972, 4000 km American Highway was built in Brazil allowing more people in for deforestation

L3 cattle farming

- accounts for 65-75% of deforestation in Amazon as the land can't cope with cows for long so they move to a different location.

Problems with Deforestation Amazon

- Soil erosion/ Desertification

- Loss of Biodiversity

- Increase in global warming

L3 Soil erosion

Large scale logging in Rondônia has left lots of bare land causing nutrient loss

L3 point Biodiversity

Deforestation has affected up to 85% of species that are classed as threatened

L3 Global warming

An estimated 1,400 million tonnes CO2 released as a result from deforestation in the Amazon in 2024

What are characteristics of the Namib desert

-Foggy (Benguela current)

-Very little rain (Rain shadow effect)

-Little vegetation and those that are there are adapted

L3 foggy

Foggy over 180 days a year in Swakopmund

L3 Little rain

1 month a year when rainfall is above 5mm

Adapted vegetation

Welwitschia plant- a plant with two long leaves which channel dew down into the roots so the plant can absorb the moisture

How does nike operate

-Headquarters in USA

-Factory's mainly in Vietnam

-Resources all over the world

L3 headquarters in USA

-Beaverton, Oregon USA

L3 Vietnam

410 000 work for nike in vietnam

L3 resources

Leather- argentina rubber- thailand and indonesia

Impacts on countries Nike works in

-Infrastructure development

-Jobs provided

-Increase in exports

- (Child labour) (if it asks for a negative)

L3 infrastructure development

Cat Lai port expanded due partly to nike

L3 increase in exports

$44 billion of clohes exported from vietnam, not all of this is nike

L3 jobs provided

610 000 people in Vietnam work for NIke

L3 child labour

2001 BBC documentary uncovered 6 girls working 16 hours a day 7 days a week in a Cambodian factory used by Nike

Describe the farming system of rice in Bangladesh

- Harvesting two crops a year

- Applying pesticides

- Growing crops in a nursery

L3 Harvesting two crops a year

-Wet crop harvested in October

- Dry crop harvested in April

- new technologies allow double the yield

L3 crops in nursery

-Crops planted in nursery April and October

L3 fertilisers

- December and May

Why is South Sudan suffering from food shortages

-War

-Drought

-Dependency on imports

L3 war

70 000 people died from hunger as a result of the war

L3 drought

22-23 UN reported severe droughts leaving 1.7 million people needing assistance

L3 dependency on imports

70% of south Sudans raw or processed food imported from neighbouring countries

Describe the location of Nissan factory

- Transport links

- Brownfield site

- Near urban areas ( people looking for jobs)

L3 transport links

Built on the side of the A19 dual carriageway

L3 Brownfield site

Built on Sunderland airport which closed in 1984

L3 nearby urban areas

Nissan employs 6 000 people here

Sustainable tourism in the lake district

- Footpath maintenance

- Improving public transport

- Speed boat limit

L3 footpaths

national trust

L3 improving public transport

langdale rambler bus takes people into the park

L3 speed boat limit

10mph limit in Windermere

Impacts of tourism in Jamaica

-Boost in economy

-Creation of national parks

- Hotel workers fired in the off season

L3 economy

Indirectly contributed to 27% of GDP

L3 national parks

Montego bay marine park

L3 loss of hotel jobs in off season

25 % loose their jobs in the off season

Why is Kenya a popular tourist destination

-Wildlife

-Beaches

-Culture

L3 wildlife

Masai national park had 300 000

L3 beaches

Many famous beaches in Lamu and Mombasa marine park

L3 culture

Masai mara people are known to be able to jump very high

Methods used in energy in the UK

-Nuclear

- Wind

-Oil

L3 Oil

Currently provides 40% of power but the UK is becoming the quickest country to decarbonise road transport

L3 Nuclear

15% only form of reliable non carbon energy. aim is to increase it up to 25% by 2050

L3 wind

offshore farms i the north sea. Uk is one of the global pioneers for wind farms and the hope is that by 2030 50% of renewable energy will be wind

What are the causes of environmental degradation in the Aral sea

-Irrigation

-Inefficient use

- Sacrificing the southern aral

L3 irrigation

between 20 km- 60 km cubed of water is abstracted each year

L3 inefficient use

70% leaked out of poorly constructed canals

L3 sacrificing southern aral

Kok aral damn built to protect the deeper northern aral

Consequences on the sinking sea

-Fishing

-Migration

-Chemicals released into the atmosphere

L2 for population decrease

Russia Birth rate: 1.7

Russia 51% of married women work

L3 for population decrease

Russia has 480 abortions per 1000 live births

200 in US

Population growth L1

Kenya average age of first pregnancy is 20

Population growth L3

3.9 children per woman

35 infant deaths per 1000 live births

Population growth L1

70% christian, no contraception

Immigration P1L1

Jobs in US, remittances can be sent to Mexico

Immigration P1 L2

$28 billion sent back to Mexico. Is second to oil exports for economy

Immigration P2 L1

Higher crime in mexico

Immigration P2 L2

23 per 100,000 murder rate. 4x higher than US

Immigration P3 L1

Underemployment in Mexico

Immigration P3 L2

$14,000 average wage in Mexico

Dependent population P1 L1

Manual labourers are old

Dependent population P1 L2

Average Japanese farmer is 70

Dependent population P1 L3

They are close to dying and there will be few people to replace them. People are old are less efficient and more prone to injury

Dependent population P2 L1+2

Rapid urbanisation means that some rural areas have 3x the number of political representatives

Dependent population P2 L3

Unfair representation. Urban population marginalised. Difficult life for urban people. Hard to raise kids.

Dependent population P3 L1

Economic pressure on companies and government

Dependent population P3 L2

Most companies retire people at 60. This is rising to 62. This is still not as high as uk at 65.