Chemistry Honors Final Study Guide

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams or kilograms.

Solid

State of matter with a definite shape and definite volume.

Liquid

State of matter with an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

Gas

State of matter with an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

Plasma

High-temperature state of matter where particles are stripped from their atoms.

Physical Properties

Observable characteristics of a substance that can be determined without destroying the object.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that indicate how a substance reacts with other substances.

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance, such as volume and weight.

Intensive Properties

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter, such as color and density.

Physical Change

A change that does not involve a change in the composition of a substance.

Chemical Change

A change that involves a change in the composition of a substance, producing a new substance.

Substances

Matter with the same composition throughout that can be classified as an element or a compound.

Mixtures

A combination of two or more substances in which each retains its own properties.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has one phase and has a uniform composition throughout.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has multiple phases with distinct components.

Chemical Reaction

A process that involves the transformation of reactants into products.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings.

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a closed system, mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Reactants

Substances that undergo a chemical change in a reaction.

Products

Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Mole

A unit for measuring the amount of substance, equal to 6.022 x 10^23 entities.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams.

Duplicate symbols for states in chemical equations

s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, aq for aqueous.

Cation

An ion with a positive charge.

Anion

An ion with a negative charge.