Chapter_9_Book

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27 Terms

1
homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment.
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2
motivation
The psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior.
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3
thermoregulation
The active process of maintaining a relatively constant internal temperature through behavioral and physiological adjustments.
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4
endotherm
An animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes.
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5
ectotherm
An animal whose body temperature is regulated by, and whose heat comes mainly from, the environment.
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6
negative feedback
The process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached.
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7
set point
The point of reference in a feedback system.
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8
set zone
The optimal range of a variable that a negative feedback system tries to maintain.
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9
allostasis
The varying behavioral and physiological adjustments that an individual makes in order to maintain optimal functioning of a regulated system in the face of changing environmental stressors.
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10
osmotic thirst
A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by high concentration of solute (like salt) in the extracellular compartment.
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11
hypovolemic thirst
A desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by a reduction in volume of the extracellular fluid.
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12
intracellular compartment
The fluid of the body that is contained within cells.
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13
extracellular compartment
The fluid of the body that exists outside the cells.
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14
diffusion
The passive spread of solute molecules through a solvent until a uniform solute concentration is achieved.
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15
osmosis
The passive movement of a solvent, usually water, through a semipermeable membrane until a uniform concentration of solute is achieved on both sides of the membrane.
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16
osmotic pressure
The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane.
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17
glycogen
A complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy.
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18
insulin
A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells.
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19
glucagon
A pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose and thus increases blood glucose.
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20
basal metabolism
The use of energy for processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life-sustaining functions of the body.
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21
adipose tissue
Commonly called fat tissue; tissue made up of fat cells.
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22
ketone
An organic molecule, derived from the breakdown of fat, that can be used by cells as an energy source.
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23
diabetes mellitus
A condition characterized by excessive glucose in the blood and urine and by reduced glucose utilization by body cells, caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption.
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24
leptin
A peptide hormone released by fat cells that provides information about the body’s long-term energy reserves.
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25
ghrelin
A peptide gut hormone believed to act on the hypothalamic appetite system to increase hunger.
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26
PYY3-36
A peptide gut hormone believed to act on the hypothalamic appetite system to suppress appetite.
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27
bariatric surgery
Surgical procedures that help with weight loss by making changes to the digestive system.
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